1. Enhanced Deep Learning Framework Driven Grape Berry Temperature Estimation and 72-h Forecasting for Precision Heat Stress Management

The increasing frequency of extreme summer heat events poses a significant threat to grape production in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), U.S., and globally. Elevated temperatures can induce sunburn, accelerate organic acid degradation, and cause anthocyanin loss, ultimately reducing berry quality. Berry surface temperature (BST), which can exceed ambient air temperature by up to 15 °C, is a primary indicator of heat stress severity. However, BST dynamics are governed by complex, nonlinear thermodynamic...