1. Manifold-Based Time-Lag Analysis of Soil Water Availability and Satellite Vegetation Indices for Irrigation Monitoring in Coffee Plantations

Monitoring soil water availability is essential for optimizing irrigation in perennial crops such as coffee, yet deploying dense in situ sensor networks remains impractical at scale. Although sensors like IGstat provide high-fidelity measurements of soil-water matric potential (SMP), their installation and maintenance costs limit broad adoption. A scalable alternative is to integrate sparse in situ observations with satellite-derived vegetation indices, including the Normalized Difference Moisture... F. Johari, E. Ferreira, R. Prati