1. Flow Rate and Discharge Coefficient Behavior of Spray Nozzles in a PWM System

Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology has been widely used in variable-rate pesticide applications, allowing flow control by varying the duty cycle while maintaining constant pressure. However, the intermittent operation of the flow may alter the hydraulic behavior of spray nozzles, influencing both the effective flow rate and the discharge coefficient (Cd). In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of flow rate and discharge coefficient of different spray nozzles... B. Costalonga Vargas, M.R. Furtado Júnior, A.L. Coelho, S. Basilio