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1. Performance of Horizontal Seed Metering Technologies for Maize at Different Angular VelocitiesBrazil is a global leader in grain production, with an estimated record of 353.1 million tons for the 2025/26 harvest. Maize cultivation showed an increase in the total estimated sown area, totaling 22.7 million hectares across the three harvests, with a 4% growth expectation—rising from 21.7 million hectares in 2024/25 to 22.8 million hectares in the current season, which corresponds to an increase of 871,800 hectares. The demand for maize grain is steadily growing for both animal feed... J. Santos, V. Kaster marini |
2. 3D Position and Size Estimation of Fruits Using an Intel RealSense D435 CameraThis work addresses the development of a computer vision algorithm for an agricultural robot whose task is to harvest tomatoes in a plantation. The ability to detect fruits, as well as to estimate their 3D position and size in the world coordinate system, is fundamental for accomplishing this task. This approach has been widely discussed in the literature, especially due to the challenge of obtaining accurate estimates of the spatial coordinates of objects. This process is strongly affected b... E. Chimuando, J.A. Fabro, S.F. Pichorim |
3. Field-Based Evaluation of Targeted Herbicide Spraying Efficacy: A Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative ApproachesWeed control remains one of the main challenges for maintaining agricultural productivity. In this context, selective spraying based on optical sensors and embedded vision systems emerges as a promising alternative for localized weed management, aligned with the principles of precision agriculture and sustainability. However, the adoption of these technologies on a commercial scale demands robust methods to evaluate agronomic efficacy and operational performance under real field conditions. T... R. Luiz panini, A.R. Tamara, G.M. Franco, V.C. De oliveira, H.R. Lemos, M. Nishikawa, P.R. Forti, M. Biagi, L.F. Dudek, M.C. Hauschild, G.N. Ruscito, M.P. Da silva, E. Claro, Z.M. De souza |
4. A Seeder for Sustainable Agriculture Enabling Intercropping and Multi-Variety Sowing and Adaptable to Precision Agriculture through Variable-Rate SeedingDavut Karayel*1,2 Egle Jotautiene2 Hasan Yılmaz1,2 1Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Antalya, Turkey 2Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Kaunas, Lithuania. * Corresponding author and presenter ... D. Karayel, E. Jotautiene, H. Yılmaz |
5. Development and Evaluation of a Novel Seeding Metering System for Mechanic Seeder Toward Precision AgricultureRecent progress in precision and digital agriculture has increasingly relied on the integration of computational modeling, sensor-based analysis, and data-driven design to improve agricultural machinery performance. Seed metering systems are central to this progress, as they regulate seed delivery for both uniform crop establishment and variable-rate seeding applications. In conventional agricultural systems, where field conditions are assumed to be relatively homogeneous, uniform seed spacin... E. Jotautienė, D. Karayel, H. Yilmaz, A. Grigas |
6. Hybrid Fuzzy–pid Control for Variable-rate Center Pivot Irrigation: an Automation-driven Approach to Precision Water ManagementPrecision agriculture increasingly relies on advanced automation and intelligent control strategies to address the spatial and temporal variability of crop water requirements while minimizing resource consumption. Center pivot irrigation systems are widely deployed in large-scale farming operations; however, their conventional control architectures are typically based on fixed schedules or linear feedback laws, which are insufficient to handle the nonlinear dynamics, uncertainties, and distur... F.R. Jimenez lopez, A. Jimenez, I.A. Ruge ruge, D.Y. Garcia ramirez |
7. Spatial Variability in Mechanized Coffee Harvesting at Two Travel SpeedsWithin the scope of Precision Agriculture (PA), monitoring the spatial variability of mechanized operations is a strategy for improving operational efficiency in coffee plantations. The evaluation of mechanized harvesting should consider, in addition to the harvested volume, the proportion of coffee effectively detached in relation to fallen coffee (FC) and remaining coffee (RC), variables directly linked to operational efficiency. Harvesting was carried out at Mariano Farm, in Poços d... N.A. Zimermam, R.P. Pereira da silva, L.E. Zonfrilli, A. Andrade da silva, T.M. De oliveira |
8. A High-Precision Laser Weeding System for Lettuce FieldsWeeds in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) fields compete aggressively for essential resources, significantly hindering crop productivity. To enable non-chemical, high-precision weed management, this study developed an integrated laser weeding system leveraging a novel YOLO11-GDCNet algorithm and a compact galvanometer scanning device. The proposed YOLO11-GDCNet enhances the baseline YOLO11n-pose by incorporating GSConv and DualConv modules to reduce computational overhead while improving... W. Su |
9. A Dual-Arm Machine-Vision-Guided Robotic System for High-Throughput Tissue Sampling in Potato TubersHigh-throughput molecular pathogen detection in potato tubers requires tissue sampling methods that are both sensitive and specific. A critical step in this workflow is the manual extraction of tissue cores, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming, limiting scalability for large-scale diagnostics. To address this challenge, this study developed a machine-vision-guided, dual-arm coordinated inline robotic system that integrates tuber picking, rotation, and tissue sampling mechanisms. In th... D. Loganathan girija, S. Usama bin sabir, D. Rathore, L.R. Khot, C. Mattupalli, M. Karkee |
10. Effect of Terrain Slope Obtained by LiDAR on Operational Performance in Semi-mechanized Coffee Transplanting with Autopilot.The application of precision agriculture techniques has become an important tool in surveying coffee plantations, allowing for the rapid assessment of slope profiles in these areas and indicating the possibility of mechanizing the plots. Therefore, there is a need to work with quality in semi-mechanized transplanting operations using autopilot to optimize future processes related to coffee cultivation. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of use and mechanical availabil... R. , G. , R.D. Faria, L.S. Silva, M.D. Oliveira, E.H. Zavala |
11. Results from a Scoping Review: the Role of Autonomous Mechanical Weeding Robots in Climate-smart Soil ManagementThe growing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has driven advancements in digital agricultural technologies, which is also reflected in the emerging development and market release of agricultural field robots in the last decade. Climate-smart sustainable soil management plays a key role in sustaining soil functions related to productivity, water and nutrient cycling, biodiversity and long-term resilience. The integration of autonomous field robots, for which mechanical weeding is c... K. Grahmann, L. Rohlmann, L. Thielemann, A. Roy, C. Weltzien |
12. Monitoring, Automation, and Control System for Small Scale SilosBrazil has an important role in the global grain production scenario. However, the country’s grain storage infrastructure is usually inadequate and insufficient. The drying and storage of grains post-harvest are essential to ensure product quality, even over extended periods. In this context, research has been conducted on sensing, monitoring, and prediction of grain temperature and humidity, as well as the automation and control of the drying process. Therefore, this paper presents a s... C.C. Scharlau, C.R. Krumreich, N. Pagani neto, H.M. Tamba , B. Culda |
13. Consolidation of Factors Influencing the Design of an Electrically Driven Seed Metering and Delivery Mechanism for High-speed Operation.The development of innovative products to address agricultural challenges has become essential for more efficient operations, resulting in increased productivity. In this context, the parameters of Design Influence Factors (DIFs) define the technical and functional guidelines of the machinery, ensuring that the final product fully meets the demands defined throughout its life cycle. This study proposes the consolidation of DIFs applied to the development of an electrically driven seed meterin... J. Santos, V. Kaster marini |
14. Verification of the Practices of the European Union Regulatory Framework and Comparative Analysis with the Capabilities and Requirements of Good Practices in Precision Seeding in Brazil.Global precision and digital agriculture is undergoing a period of technological and regulatory transition. Faced with the growing global demand for operational efficiency, Brazilian technology for active seed metering and guidance at high speeds emerges as a high value-added solution. However, the commercialization of these components in the European market requires technical harmonization between Brazilian practices and the bloc's certification requirements. This work aims to verify the... J. Santos, V. |
15. Performance of Autonomous Navigation in an Agricultural Tractor Using Pure Pursuit Control and Dubins Path PlanningAutopilot systems in agricultural machinery are primarily designed to ensure accurate tracking of predefined routes. However, their performance is strongly influenced by the internal parameters of the control algorithms employed, which may vary according to operational conditions. In this context, computational simulations constitute a valuable tool for investigating these interactions and identifying optimal operating configurations. This study evaluates an autopilot system based on the Pure... J.D. Baltazar, A.L. Coelho, L. De arruda viana, A.D. Brandão, D.S. Valente, M.R. Furtado jr |
16. Impact Assessment Tool (IAT) for Robotic and XR Applications in Agriculture: Cases from AgRibot ProjectThis paper presents an Impact Assessment Tool (IAT) developed within AgRibot project which is meant to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental impact of AR/XR-integrated robotic applications in crop farming based on six use cases situated in selected European countries. While each case focuses on a target crop and operation, the impact assessment follows a modular approach with some modifications according to case specificities. The tool aims to address the challenges of quant... T.W. Tamirat, S.M. Pedersen |
17. Software Protocol Converters as Enablers for Interoperability in Heterogeneous Multi-Robot SystemsAdvancements in agricultural robotics are driving a transition toward ecosystems composed of heterogeneous platforms from multiple manufacturers. In this context, robotic platforms from multiple vendors must coexist and collaborate to perform complex tasks, including autonomous monitoring and precision weeding. However, this evolution introduces a fundamental challenge: the lack of a standardized communication stack capable of supporting cross-platform integration. The widespread use of propr... N.K. Wagner, C. Teixeira, V. Fontena, C.S. Junior, O.A. Cruz, P.H. Morgan pereira |
18. Geometric Assessment of Software-Based Path Planning for Mechanized Seeding OperationsThis study evaluated the impact of different software-based planning routines on the geometry of guidance lines for mechanized seeding operations. A controlled comparative case-study approach was implemented using two agricultural fields in Minas Gerais, Brazil. One irregular field of 33.6 ha and one predominantly rectilinear field of 107.6 ha. Two anonymized tools, Software A and Software B, were applied to identical boundary polygons, with one headland pass and 9 m line spacing. The exporte... A. Felipe dos santos, R.D. Borges, M.C. Arnosti, C. Marcassa lonzi de oliveira |
19. Orchestration of Missions for Coordination between Autonomous Agents in Agriculture.Due to technological advancement in agriculture, various autonomous agents, such as drones, mobile robots, and intelligent agricultural vehicles, are being used to automate repetitive tasks and increase agricultural production. In addition, these agents, often developed by different manufacturers and endowed with different capabilities, form a highly heterogeneous environment, imposing a central challenge to be solved: the need to manage these agents so that they can act in a coordinated and ... V. Fontena, N.K. Wagner, C. Teixeira, J. Lopes, L. Moura, C. Guimarães |
20. A Architecture for GNSS-Based Autonomous Navigation in Agricultural RobotsGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially when used with real-time correction techniques such as Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), are widely employed in precision agriculture due to their ability to provide accurate absolute positioning. This capability enables georeferenced operations such as planting, selective spraying, and autonomous navigation across large agricultural areas, even in environments with few structural references. In contrast, modern robotic navigation frameworks, su... V. Fonteca, C. Guimarães, M. Monteiro, I. Azevedo, A. Da rosa, N.K. Wagner, C. Teixeira |
21. A Hardware Classification Matrix for Precision Agriculture: Structuring an On-Farm Living Lab in Brazilian Citrus and Sugarcane SystemsThe consolidation of Precision Agriculture (PA) in Brazilian fields depends fundamentally on the physical infrastructure deployed on-farm, including sensors, actuators, embedded controllers, and implements. Although citrus and sugarcane represent pillars of São Paulo's agribusiness, the sector still lacks a systematized inventory that catalogues and classifies PA hardware effectively adopted across different producer profiles. Integrated into the Smart B100 Advanced Research Center... R. Rolon, H. Fischer, C.E. Otoboni, C.K. luvizotto, M.C. De almeida |
22. Proprietary vs. Open-Source Visual-Inertial Fusion Under GNSS Degradation for Orchard-Scale 3D Fruit MappingA recent pipeline combining GNSS-visual-inertial odometry with factor-graph refinement of fruit landmarks has reported orchard-level apple counting errors below three percent against harvest totals — a result with few precedents in the agricultural SLAM literature, where GNSS-VIO fusion, landmark-level optimization, and harvest-validated yield estimation have until now appeared only in isolation. However, trajectory quality in that pipeline was ... T. Santos, D. Bharti, L. Gebler, A. De rossi |
23. Exploring the XAG R150 UGV Capabilities: Air-Assisted vs Vertical Boom Attachment AssessmentsRobotic spraying platforms are rapidly advancing in specialty crop production; however, limited information exists regarding optimal spray parameters under different crop spacings and spray configurations. The XAG R150 robotic sprayer is a ground-based autonomous system capable of operating in both air-assisted and vertical/horizontal boom spraying modes, offering flexibility for diverse row-crop environments. This study evaluated spray performance parameters of the XAG R150 under varying cro... |
24. Development of a System for Intelligent Plant Monitoring and CultivationCultivation in protected environments and indoor systems requires continuous monitoring. Labor shortages and delays in management decisions compromise productivity, uniformity, and efficiency. Assessments of plant stand, vegetative vigor, nutritional status, and the incidence of pests and diseases still rely on visual inspections conducted over limited periods, reducing diagnostic accuracy and response time. Although automation technologies are advancing in horticultural production, available... R. Avelar, F.O. Dos reis silva, A.L. Carvalho, F.M. Alves soares, C.C. Santana |