1. A 3D Camera-based Fertilizer Residue Monitoring System with Isobus for Precision Agriculture

Accurate monitoring of fertilizer usage is critical for effective variable-rate fertilization (VRF), contributing to optimized nutrient management and environmental sustainability. VRF systems typically use open-loop control based on prescription maps and calibration data. However, this approach can introduce discrepancies between targeted and actual fertilizer application rates due to variations in fertilizer characteristics and environmental conditions. This study proposes a fertilizer hopper... C. Yun