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1. NDVI 'Depression' In Pastures Following GrazingPasture biomass estimation from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using ground, air or space borne sensors is becoming more widely used in precision agriculture. Proximal active optical sensors (AOS) have the potential to eliminate the confounding effects of path radiance and target illumination conditions typically encountered using passive sensors. Any algorithm that infers the green fraction of pasture from NDVI must factor in plant morphology and live/dead plant ratio, irrespe... J.S. Stanley, D.W. Lamb, M.G. Trotter, M.M. Rahman |
2. Multitemporal Satellite Imaging To Support Near Real-Time Precision FarmingThis paper presents a 2014 update on the DMC constellation of optical satellite sensors and how they are exploited for various types of agricultural monitoring. Thousands of farmers around the world are exploiting this powerful data source for the management of crops, enabled by specialist service providers which convert the imagery into meaningful biophysical measurements and spatially variable nitrogen/irrigation recommendations. The paper also looks ahead to future ... G. Holmes |
3. Detection Of Fruit Tree Water Status In Orchards From Remote Sensing Thermal ImageryIn deciduous fruit trees there is a growing need of using water status indicators for scheduling irrigation and adopt regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies taking into account spatial variability of orchards. RDI strategies have been successfully adopted for many fruit trees as a means for reducing water use and because yield and quality at harvest are not sensitive to water stress at some developmental stages. Although water status is generally monitored by measuring tr... P.J. Zarco-tejada, V. Gonzalez-dugo, J. Girona, E. Fereres, J. Bellvert |
4. An Evaluation Of HJ-CCD Broadband Vegtation Indices For Leaf Chlorophyll Content EstimationLeaf chlorophyll content is one of the most important biochemical variables for crop physiological status assessment, crop biomass estimation and crop yield prediction in precision agriculture. Vegetation indices were considered effective for chlorophyll content estimation. Although hyperspectral reflectance is proven to be better than multispectral reflectance for leaf chlorophyll content retrieval, the scarcity of available data from satellite hyperspectra... T. Dong, J. Shang, J. Meng, J. Liu |
5. Near-Real-Time Remote Sensing And Yield Monitoring Of Biomass CropsThe demand for bioenergy crops production has increased tremendously by the biofuel industry for substitution of traditional fuels due to the economic availability and environmental benefits. Pre-Harvest monitoring of biomass production is necessary to develop optimized instrumentation and data processing systems for crop growth, health and stress monitoring; and to develop algorithms for field operation scheduling. To cope with the problems of missing criti... Y. Zhao, L. Li, K.C. Ting, L.F. Tian, T. Ahamed |
6. Evaluating Soil Nutrition Status With Remote Sensing Derived Land ProductivityAvailable nitrogen is the amount of this nutrient available to plants in the soil and the amount of nitrogen provided by fertilizers. Compared to total nitrogen, nitrogen availability is a more useful tool for determining how much fertilizer you need and when to apply it. Determining the level of nitrogen available in field soil is also a useful method to increase the efficiency of fertilizer. Most soil properties are time-consuming and costly to measure, and also change over ti... Z. Chen, J. Meng, X. You |
7. Design, Development And Application Of A Satellite-Based Field Monitoring System To Support Precision FarmingThe factual base of precision agriculture (PA) - the spatial and temporal variability of soil and crop factors within or between different fields has been recognized for centuries. Field information on seeding suitability, soil & crop nutrition status and crop mature date is needed to optimize field management. How to acquire the spatially and temporally varied field parameters accurately, efficiently and at affordable cost has always been the focus of the researches in the ... Z. Li, B. Wu, J. Meng |
8. Creation Of Prescription For Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Through Evaluation Of Soil Carbon Amount Using Remotely Sensed DataIn these years, drastic increase of agricultural production costs has been induced, which was triggered by the sharp rise of costs relating to agricultural production materials such as fertilizers and oil. In Japan, the substantial negative influence is anticipated to spread over to management of the farmers particularly in Hokkaido, the northern part of Japan. As one of the measures against this influence, a plan of effective fertilizer application and ... E. Tamura, K. Aijima, K. Niwa, O. Nagata, K. Wakabayashi, C. Hongo |
9. Study On Plant Health Condition Monitoring Using Acoustic Radiation ForceIn recent years, irrigation method using the negative pressure difference attracts attention from the point of view of water saving. In addition, it is proved that this technique is effective in upbringing of the plant as well as saving of water. By measuring water distribution of soil, active irrigation control will be performed In our previous study, we confirmed that the resonance frequency of a leaf is influenced by the water stress to the plant. Thus the vibration measureme... Y. Nakagawa, M. Sano, T. Shirakawa, K. Yamagishi, T. Sugihara, M. Ohaba, S. Shibusawa, T. Sugimoto |
10. Spectral High-Throughput Assessments Of Phenotypic Differences In Spike Development, Biomass And Nitrogen Partitioning During Grain Filling Of Wheat Under High Yielding Western European ConditionsSingle plant traits such as green biomass, spike dry weight, biomass and nitrogen (N) transfer to grains are important traits for final grain yield. However, methods to assess these traits are laborious and expensive. Spectral reflectance measurements allow researchers to assess cultivar differences of yield-related plant traits and translocation parameters that are affected by different genetic material and varying amounts of available N. In a field experiment, six high-yielding wheat c... U. Schmidhalter, K. Erdle |
11. Monitoring Ratio Of Leaf Carbon To Nitrogen In Winter Wheat Based On Hyperspectral MeasurementsThe metabolic status of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as two essential elements of crop plants has significant influence on the ultimate formation of yield and quality in crop production. Leaf is the major organ of plant photosynthesis and physiological activity, and in leaf tissues the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N), defined as the ratio of LCC (leaf carbon concentration) to LNC (leaf nitrogen concentration), can... X. Xu |
12. An Inexpensive Aerial Platform For Precise Remote Sensing Of Almond And Walnut Canopy TemperatureCurrent irrigation practices depend largely on imprecise applications of water over fields with varying degrees of heterogeneity. In most cases, the amount of water applied over a given field is determined by the amount the most water-stressed part of the field needs. This equates to over-watering most of the field in order to satisfy the needs of one part of the field. This approach not only wastes resources, but can have a detrimental effect on the value of that crop. A system t... K. Crawford, S. Upadhyaya, R. Dhillon, F. Rojo, J. Roach |
13. Automatic Detection And Mapping Of Irrigation System Failures Using Remotely Sensed Canopy Temperature And Image ProcessingToday there is no systematic way to identify and locate failures of irrigation systems mainly because of the labor costs associated with locating the failures. The general aim of this study was to develop an airborne thermal imaging system for semi - automatic monitoring and mapping of irrigation system failures, specifically, of leaks and clogs. Initially, leaks and clogs were simulated by setting controlled trials in table grapes vineyards and olive groves. Airborne ther... V. Alchanatis, Y. Cohen, M. Sprinstin, A. Cohen, I. Zipori, A. Dag, A. Naor |
14. Are Thermal Images Adequate For Irrigation Management?Thermal crop sensing technologies have potential as tools for monitoring and mapping crop water status, improving water use efficiency and precisely managing irrigation. As thermal sensors and imagers became more affordable, various platforms were examined to allow for canopy- and field-scale acquisitions of canopy temperature and to extract maps of water status variability. Various canopy temperature statistics and crop water stress index (CWSI) were used to estimate water stat... O. Rosenberg, V. Alchanatis, Y. Saranga, A. Bosak, Y. Cohen |
15. Estimation of Vegetative Biomass Using On-the-Go Mobile SensorsNon-destructive methods for estimation of vegetative biomass have been developed using several remote sensing strategies as well as physical measurement techniques. An effective method for estimating biomass must be at least as accurate as the accepted standard for destructive removal measurement techniques such as a forage harvester or quad harvest strategies. In large part vegetative biomass is considered a function of canopy or plant height. Subsequently, a method o... J. Pittman |
16. Use Of Quality And Quantity Information Towards Evaluating The Importance Of Independent Variables In Yield PredictionYield predictions based on remotely sensed data are not always accurate. Adding meteorological and other data can help, but may also result in over-fitting. Working with American Crystal Sugar, we were able to demonstrate that the relevance of independent variables can be tested much more reliably when not only yield but also quality attributes are known, such as the sugar content and the s... E. Momsen, J. Xu, D.W. Franzen, J.F. Nowatzki, K. Farahmand, A.M. Denton |
17. Specification Of Data Dimension To Measure The Data Quality On Cotton ProductionThe management of cotton cultivation and agriculture in general, depend on quality data enabling the retrieving of useful information as an aid in decision making related to management techniques and farm management . Part of this task depends intelligible data generated through the processes that make up this segment . Creating means for enabling the classification data is the starting point for making decisions regarding any corrections or adjustments in the mass data . The heterogenei... C. Santos, A. Hirakawa |
18. Detection Of Fruit In Canopy Night-Time Images: Two Case Studies With Apple And MangoReliable estimation of the expected yield remains a major challenge in orchards. In a recent work we reported the development of an algorithm for estimating the number of fruits in images of apple trees acquired in natural daylight conditions. In the present work we tested this approach with night-time images of similar apple trees and further adapted this approach to night-time images of mango trees. Working with the apple images required on... R. Linker, A. Payne, K. Walsh, O. Cohen |
19. NOAA's National Geodetic Survey?s National Spatial Reference System And The National Height ModernizatioThe National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). NGS manages a network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) that provides Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and serves as the backbone of the NSRS. Our goal is to maintain a network of stations to serve as control for any project undertaken by local surveyors. In addition, numerous other applications benefit from a... J.D. Rigney |
20. A Dual Motor Actuator Used To Detach Fruit By Shaking Limbs Of Fruit TreesMechanizing the fruit removal operation during fresh-market apple harvesting will result in considerable cost savings for fruit growers. This study introduces a mechanical fruit removal technique that uses a unique limb shaking mechanism called a Dual Motor Actuator (DMA). The DMA was developed as an infinitely variable end-effector that applies rhythmic motions to a fruiting limb to remove fruit. The novelty of the DMA design is the use of two eccentrics mounted to electric mot... M. De kleine, M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, K. Lewis |
21. Post-Harvest Quality Evaluation System On Conveyor Belt For Mechanically Harvested CitrusRecently, a machine vision technology has shown its popularity for automating visual inspection. Many studies proved that the machine vision system can successfully estimate external qualities of fruit as good as manual inspection. However, introducing mechanical harvesters to citrus industry caused the following year’s yield loss due to the loss of immature young citrus. In this study, a machine vision system on a conveyor belt was developed to inspect mechanica... W. Lee, R. Ehsani, F. Roka, D. Choi, C. Yang |
22. Tomato Development Monitoring In An Open Field, Using A Two-Camera Acquisition SystemIntroduction Optimal harvesting date and predicted yield are valuable information when farming open field tomatoes, making harvest planning and work at the processing plant much easier. Monitoring growth during tomato?s early stages is also interesting to assess plant stress or abnormal development. Yet, it is very challenging due to the colours and the high degree of ... F. Rossant, I. Bloch, J. Orensanz, D. Boisgontier, U. Verma, M. Lagarrigue |
23. Sound Based Detection Of Moths In Open FieldsIntroduction Open field farming of tomatoes suffers from the presence of harmful moths whose larvas are devastating. Detecting automatically the presence of moths allows regulating the use of pesticides, according to the actual population present in the field. Up to now, sex pheromone traps have been used, the number of captured insects giving some indication about the population. However, proper inspection of the traps i... F. Rossant, J. Orensanz, D. Boisgontier, N. Bouhlel, M. Lagarrigue |
24. Automatic Soil Penetrometer Measurements And GIS-Based Documentation With The Autonomous Field Robot Platform BoniRobFor a sustainable agriculture, reliable measurements of soil properties and its interpretation are of highest relevance. Until today most of the measurements are carried out manually or by integrating off-line laboratories. Moreover, the number and density of measurement points is always an important aspect with respect to the statistical significance of the results. In this work a fully automatic measurement system has been developed and applied for the first time with free sel... M. Göttinger, S. Hinck, K. Möller, A. Ruckelshausen, C. Scholz |
25. New Innovation Approaches In Precision Farming – The Example Of The Base Fertilization ProcessNowadays, innovations in Precision Farming are mostly bound to further developments and new solution approaches on the technical level. However, for efficient service provision it is important to work on strategies for application of these technologies. To satisfy customers’ demands for highly specialized methods and detailed results collaboration between various companies in service consortiums is often required. In doing so, every company can provide its proven and evidentially e... J. Friedrich, M. Becker, M.F. Schneider, S. Klingner |
26. Row-Crop Planter Requirements To Support Variable-Rate Seeding Of MaizeCurrent planting technology possesses the ability to increase crop productivity and improve field efficiency by precisely metering and placing crop seeds. Growing high yielding crops not only requires using the right seed variety and rate but also achieving optimal performance with available planter technology. Planter performance depends on using the correct planter and technology (display and rate controller system) setup which consists of determining optimal settings for different pla... J.P. Fulton, K.S. Balkcom, B.V. Ortiz, T.P. Mcdonald, G.L. Pate, S.S. Virk, A. Poncet |
27. Evaluation Of A Sensor-Based Precision Irrigation System For Efficiency And To Monitor And Control Groundwater Over-Pumping In OmanOman is a country with a total area of 309,500 km2. However, cultivable land in Oman is estimated to be less than 2%, which amounts to about 6100 km2. More than 50 percent of the arable lands located in the northern coastal belt of Al Batinah region. The country with average annual rainfall around 100 mm, has limited natural fresh water resources and has been facing the serious problem of sea water intrusion into the scarce groundwater reserves due to undis... H.P. Jayasuriya, S. Zekri, R. Zaier, H. Al-buasidi, A. Teirab, N. Hamza |
28. Precision Thinning Of Fruit CropsL. Damerow, C. Seehuber and M. Blanke University of Bonn, Germany Correspondence: damerow@uni-bonn.de Abstract for o r a l Thinning is a pre-requisite in the majority of fruit crops worldwide in order to overcome or prevent alternate bearing (change of years with large and low yields) and to provide regular yields of high qu... M.M. Blanke, L. Damerow, C. Seehuber |
29. Effect Of Starch Accumulation In Huanglongbing Symptomatic Leaves On Reflecting Polarized LightHuanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is an extremely dangerous infection which has severely influenced the citrus industry in Florida. It was also recently found in California and Texas. There is no effective cure for this disease reported yet. The infected trees should be identified and removed immediately to prevent the disease from being spread to other trees. The visual leaf symptoms of this disease are green islands, yellow veins, or vein corking; howeve... W. Lee, A. Pourreza |
30. Fusion Of Multi Exposure Stereo Images And Thermography For Obstacle Detection On Agricultural VehiclesIntroduction Over the years agricultural vehicles become increasingly automated with trajectory row tracking and master-slave vehicle configurations, and autoguided vehicles. Safety is an important aspect. Auto guided vehicles exist in industry, where the surroundings are semistructured and flat. Sopme cars have collision sensors. But in agriculture the ground is not flat. The vehicles are meant to be driven into crops, and there are certain paths... K. Nielsen, M.R. Nielsen |
31. Angular Velocity Meter Application Study In The Agricultural Vehicle Navigation SystemIn the agricultural vehicle navigation system, most frequently used steering feedback sensors are rotary potentiometer and rotary encoder to measure the wheel angle, and linear potentiometer to measure the stretching length of steering cylinder. In practice, these sensors are usually installed a little troublesomely, and often have relatively low reliability because of the more installation fittings. With the progress of MEMS technical, angular velocity meter achieves higher accuracy whi... J. Hu, L. Gao |
32. Development Of An Hydraulic Penetrometer Data Acquisition SoftwareCurrently , in addition to increased production , the costs reduction are focused in order to increase efficiency in production, so the modern agriculture intent to find planting methods which extract the maximum possible data about the used area for making possible to do this preparation in the most appropriate manner, considering the shortcomings of evaluating these data. This method is contained in the concepts of an agricultural practice that has been steadily growing, ... I. Marasca, D.P. Casiero, S.P. Guerra, K.P. Lanças, E.R. Spadim |
33. Design, Error Characterization And Testing Of A System To Measure Locations Of Fruits In Tree CanopiesMapping the variability of fruit size and quality within tree canopies in commercial orchards is an important tool for implementing precision horticulture. To do so at a reasonably fast rate requires localization technologies that offer sufficient speed and accuracy, at a range long enough to cover entire trees – or several trees at a time. Existing approaches for measuring fruit locations include: manual (centimeter accuracy and measurement time in the order of minutes pe... S.G. Vougioukas, F.J. Jimenez, F. Khosro anjom, R. Elkins, C. Ingels, R. Arikapudi |
34. Advances In Automating Individual Plant Care Of Vegetable CropsAutomation of individual crop plant care in commercial vegetable crop fields has increased practical feasibility and improved efficiency and economic benefit if a systems approach is taken in the engineering design to mechanization that incorporates precision planting techniques. In addition to the optimization in the biological productivity of crop plants when the spatial distribution of crop plants allows their uniform access to nutrients, water and light in an optimum u... M. Pérez ruiz, D.C. Slaughter |
35. Agribot: Development Of A Mobile Robotic Platform To Support Agricultural Data CollectionPrecision Agriculture and agricultural practices that take into account environment protection, leads to several research challenges. Sampling scale and the precision required by these new agricultural practices are often greater than those required by traditional agriculture, raising the costs of production. This whole process requests an expressive number of researches in developing automation instruments. Amongst them, the use of remote sensing techniques based on On-the-Go s... R. Tabile, A. Porto, R. Inamasu, R. Sousa |
36. CANopen Implementation To Wireless Sensor NetworkField buses are widely applied in the control of mobile machines. They enable us to build embedded control systems, where the sensors and actuators are connected to each other by the bus. The most commonly used bus standard for Control Area Network (CAN) between tractors and implements in agriculture and forestry is ISOBUS. Once the number of sensors and actuators increases in the implement side, a combination of ISOBUS and CANopen can be applied. CANopen is a communication prot... R. Virrankoski, M. Madetoja |
37. GNSS Positioning Techniques For AgricultureBroadacre, row crop and high value crops each have different positioning needs. Within these agricultural groups, individual practices such as mapping, guidance and machine control for tillage, application and harvest each have their own Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) needs for an optimal price/performance and value equation. New research and algorithm development by NovAtel has resulted in a significant simplification of positioning methodology with incr... P.M. Casiano, T.G. Morley, Z. Sadeque |
38. Performance Evaluation Of Single And Multi-GNSS Receivers In Agricultural Field ConditionsSelection of appropriate receivers and utilization methods of positioning systems are important for better positioning in different applications of precision agriculture. Objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of single and multi-GNSS receivers at stationary and moving conditions in typical Korean agricultural sites such as open field, orchard area, and mountainous area A single-GNSS receiver (Model: R100; Hemisphere GNSS, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) and a multi-GNS... Y. Kim, M. Song, S. Chung , M.S. Kabir, Y. Huh |
39. Instrumented Blades With Automated Control Used In Chisel Plough Acting In Variable DepthsSoil compaction is a problem that affects most of the tilled areas of Brazil, being caused by several factors, such as overloading and intense machine traffic, use of unsuitable tires for applied load and inflation pressures outside the recommendation, machines in the field with the water content of the soil not recommended and several other problems. There are available several models and systems of measuring soil compaction in Brazil; however, the sensors of t... K.P. Lanças, J. Testa, B.B. Fernandes, T.M. Machado |
40. Control System Applied To No-Till Seeding For High-Quality OperationA high quality crop seeding operation should enable a rapid and uniform establishment of a desired plant population. Therefore, a no-till seeder must provide a seeding environment that allows the absorption of water by seeds and appropriate temperature and aeration conditions for germination and emergence processes. To stimulate these processes, the seed needs full contact with soil in order to accelerate the absorption of water and oxygen. Covering the furrow with straw is another impor... A.G. Araujo, A.D. Toledo, A.R. Hirakawa, A.L. Johann |
41. Rapid Data Acquisition For In-Field Plant PhenomicsHigh throughput sensing is necessary for the rapid acquisition of plant canopy physical and physiological parameters on field scales. Simultaneous measures of these descriptive parameters will provide a clearer picture of plant response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Information obtained can assist in early identification of desired genetic traits and the degree to which they are expressed. Identifying these traits and their expression can provide higher efficiency in genetic selection... M.R. Sclemmer, K.H. Holland |
42. Introducing An Integrated Framework To Optimize Cotton Variable Rate Irrigation In Humid RegionsManagement of supplemental irrigation in humid regions is critical because both over and under estimation of the irrigation water requirement can cause cotton lint yield reduction. Spatial variation of the soil physical characteristics is significant in west Tennessee hence precision irrigation strategies should be applied to achieve the optimum lint yield. Despite the significant enhancement in instrumentation and measurements, there are several challenges that need t... A. Haghverdi, B.G. Leib |
43. Generic ISOBUS Compliant Precision Agriculture Functionality In A Proprietary Terminal ConceptDue to increasing investment costs for agricultural resources crop input management precise application technologies are exceedingly gaining interests for customers. One approach for increasing efficiency is using common GPS-devices for reducing over- and underlaps during application processes, and to adjust application rate based on predefined application maps. Driven by this, implement manufacturers are heading towards machinery, which is able to control application rate and ac... G. Happich |