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1. Sensor And System Technology For Individual Plant Crop ScoutingSensor and system technologies are key components for automatic treatment of individual plants as well as for plant phenotyping in field trials. Based on experiences in research and application of sensors in agriculture the authors have developed phenotyping platforms for field applications including sensors, system and software development and application-specific mountings. Sensor and data fusion have a high potential by compensating varying selectivities... A. Ruckelshausen, K.V. Alheit, L. Busemeyer, R. Klose, A. Linz, K. Moeller, F. Rahe, M. Thiel, D. Trautz, U. Weiss |
2. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) Based Citrus Greening Disease Detection Using Airborne Hyperspectral ImagingOver the past two decades, hyperspectral (HS) imaging has provided remarkable performance in ground objects classification and disease identification, due to its high spectral resolution. In this paper, a novel method named ‘extended spectral angle mapping (ESAM)’ is proposed to detect citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing or HLB), which is a destructive disease of citrus. Firstly, Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter was applied to the raw image to remove spectral noise within the data,... W. Lee, K. Wang, H. Li, R. Ehsani, C. Yang |
3. Assessing the Potential of an Algorithm Based On Mean Climatic Data to Predict Wheat YieldIn crop yield prediction, the unobserved future weather remains the key point of predictions. Since weather forecasts are limited in time, a large amount of information may come from the analysis of past weather data. Mean data over the past years and stochastically generated data are two possible ways to compensate the lack of future data. This research aims to demonstrate that it is possible to predict... F. Vancutsem, V. Leemans, S. Ferrandis vallterra, B. Bodson, J. Destain, M. Destain, B. Dumont |
4. Post-Harvest Quality Evaluation System On Conveyor Belt For Mechanically Harvested CitrusRecently, a machine vision technology has shown its popularity for automating visual inspection. Many studies proved that the machine vision system can successfully estimate external qualities of fruit as good as manual inspection. However, introducing mechanical harvesters to citrus industry caused the following year’s yield loss due to the loss of immature young citrus. In this study, a machine vision system on a conveyor belt was developed to inspect mechanically... W. Lee, R. Ehsani, F. Roka, D. Choi, C. Yang |
5. Autonomous Service Robots For Orchards And Vineyards: 3D Simulation Environment Of Multi Sensor-Based Navigation And ApplicationsIn order to fulfill economical as well as ecological boundary conditions information technologies and sensor are increasingly gaining importance in horticulture. In combination with the reduced availability of human workers automation technologies thus play a key role in the international competition in vinicultures and orchards and have the potential to reduce the costs as well as environmental impacts. The authors are working in the... J. Hertzberg, A. Ruckelshausen, E. Wunder, A. Linz |
6. The Performance Of Mobile Devices' Inertial Measurement Unit For The Detection Of Cattle's Behaviors On PastureOver the past decade, the Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) concept has taken a considerable place in the development of accurate methods for a better management of farm animals. The recent technological improvements allow the raising of numerous motion sensors such as accelerometers and GPS tracking. Several studies have shown the relevancy of these sensors to distinguish the animals’ behavior using various classification techniques such as neuronal networks or multivariate... A. Andriamandroso, B. Dumont, F. Lebeau, J. Bindelle |
7. Effect Of Starch Accumulation In Huanglongbing Symptomatic Leaves On Reflecting Polarized LightHuanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is an extremely dangerous infection which has severely influenced the citrus industry in Florida. It was also recently found in California and Texas. There is no effective cure for this disease reported yet. The infected trees should be identified and removed immediately to prevent the disease from being spread to other trees. The visual leaf symptoms of this disease are green islands, yellow veins, or vein corking; however,... W. Lee, A. Pourreza |
8. Using A Decision Tree To Predict The Population Density Of Redheaded Cockchafer (Adoryphorus Couloni) In Dairy FieldsA native soil dwelling insect pest, the redheaded cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) (Burmeister) (RHC) is an important pest in the higher rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia. Due to the majority of its lifecycle spent underground feeding on the roots and soil organic matter the redheaded cockchafer is difficult to detect and control. The ability to predict the level of infestation and location of redheaded cockchafers in a field may give producers the option to use an endophyte containing... A. Cosby, G. Falzon, M. Trotter, J. Stanley, K. Powell, D. Schneider, D. Lamb |
9. Detection of Nitrogen Stress on Winter Wheat by Multispectral Machine VisionHand-held sensors (SPAD meter, N-Tester, …) used for detecting the leaves nitrogen concentration (Nc) present several drawbacks. The nitrogen concentration is gained by an indirect way through the chlorophyll concentration and the leaves have to be fixed in a defined position for the measurements. These drawbacks could be overcome by an imaging device that measures the canopy reflectance. Hence, the objective of the paper is to analyse the potential of multispectral imaging for detecting... M. Destain, V. Leemans, G. Marlier, J. Goffart, B. Bodson, B. Mercatoris, F. Gritten |
10. A Precise Fruit Inspection System for Huanglongbing and Other Common Citrus Defects Using GPU and Deep Learning TechnologiesWorld climate change and extreme weather conditions can generate uncertainties in crop production by increasing plant diseases and having significant impacts on crop yield loss. To enable precision agriculture technology in Florida’s citrus industry, a machine vision system was developed to identify common citrus production problems such as Huanglongbing (HLB), rust mite and wind scar. Objectives of this article were 1) to develop a simultaneous image acquisition system using multiple cameras... D. Choi, W. Lee, J.K. Schueller, R. Ehsani, F.M. Roka, M.A. Ritenour |
11. A Photogrammetry-based Image Registration Method for Multi-camera SystemsIn precision agriculture, yield maps are important for farmers to make plans. Farmers will have a better management of the farm if early yield map can be created. In Florida, citrus is a very important agricultural product. To predict citrus production, fruit detection method has to be developed. Ideally, the earlier the prediction can be done the better management plan can be made. Thus, fruit detection before their mature stage is expected. This study aims to develop a thermal-visible camera... H. Gan, W. Lee, V. Alchanatis |
12. Use of Proximal Soil Sensing to Delineate Management Zones in a Commercial Potato Field in Prince Edward Island, CanadaManagement zones (MZs) are delineated areas within an agricultural field with relatively homogenous soil properties. Such MZs can often be used for site-specific management of crop production inputs. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of two proximal soil sensors for delineating MZs in an 8.1-ha commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. A galvanic contact resistivity sensor (Veris-3100 [Veris]) and electromagnetic induction sensors... A. Cambouris, A. Lajili, K. Chokmani , I. Perron, V. Adamchuk, A. Biswas , B. Zebrath |
13. Survey Shows Specialty and Commodity Crop Retailers Use Precision Agriculture DifferentlyThe 2021 CropLife-Purdue Survey of precision agricultural practices by US agricultural input dealers serving the American grain and oilseed sector shows that most of them use GPS guidance and related technologies like sprayer boom control, most provide variable rate fertilizer services, and the majority say that fertilizer decisions are influenced by grower data. In contrast, dealers serving horticultural and specialty crop farms indicate comparatively modest adoption of many precision agriculture... B.J. Erickson, J. Lowenberg-deboer |
14. Cotton Boll Detection and Yield Estimation Using UAS Lidar Data and RGB ImageCotton boll distribution is a critical phenotypic trait that represents the plant's response to its environment. Accurate quantification of boll distribution provides valuable information for breeding cultivars with high yield and fiber quality. Manual methods for boll mapping are time-consuming and labor-intensive. We evaluated the application of Lidar point cloud and RGB image data in boll detection and distribution and yield estimation. Lidar data was acquired at 15 m using a DJI Matrice... Z. Lin, W. Guo, N. Gill |
15. Use of Watering Hole Data As a Decision Support Tool for the Management of a Grazing Herd of CattleEstablish grazing practices would improve the welfare of the animals, allowing them to express more natural behaviours. However, free-range reduces the ability to monitor the animals, thus increase the time needed to intervene in the event of a health problem. To ease the adoption of grazing, farmer would benefit from autonomously collected indicators at pasture that identify abnormal behaviours possibly related to a health problem in a bovine. These indicators must be individualised and collected... J. Plum, B. Quoitin, I. Dufrasne, S. Mahmoudi, F. Lebeau |
16. Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variability of Cotton Yield Using DSSAT for Decision Support in Precision AgricultureThe quantification of spatial and temporal variability of cotton yield provides critical information for optimizing resources, especially water. The Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas is a major cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production region with diminishing water supply. The objective of this study was to predict cotton yield variability using soil properties and topographic attributes. The DSSAT CROPGRO-Cotton model was used to simulate cotton growth, development and yield using... B.P. Ghimire, O. Adedeji, Z. Lin, W. Guo |
17. Estimation of Cotton Biomass Using Unmanned Aerial Systems and Satellite-based Remote SensingSatellite and unmanned aerial system (UAS) images are effective in monitoring crop growth at various spatial, temporal, and spectral scales. The objective of the study was to estimate cotton biomass at different growth stages using vegetation indices (VIs) derived from UAS and satellite images. This research was conducted in a cotton field in Hale County, Texas, in 2021. Data collected include 54 plant samples at different locations for three dates of the growing season. Multispectral images from... O.I. Adedeji, B.P. Ghimire, H. Gu, R. Karn, Z. Lin, W. Guo |
18. Can Topographic Indices Be Used for Irrigation Management Zone DelineationSoil water movement is affected by soil physical properties and field terrain changes. The identification of within-field areas prone to excess or deficit of soil moisture could support the implementation of variable rate irrigation and adoption of irrigation scheduling strategies. This study evaluated the use of the topographic wetness index (TWI) and topographic position index (TPI) to understand and explain within-field soil moisture variability. Volumetric water content (VWC) collected in... B.V. Ortiz, B.P. Lena, F. morlin , G. Morata, M. Duarte de val, R. Prasad, A. Gamble |
19. Strawberry Pest Detection Using Deep Learning and Automatic Imaging SystemStrawberry growers need to monitor pests to determine the options for pest management to reduce damage to yield and quality. However, manually counting strawberry pests using a hand lens is time-consuming and biased by the observer. Therefore, an automated rapid pest scouting method in the strawberry field can save time and improve counting consistency. This study utilized six cameras to take images of the strawberry leaf. Due to the relatively small size of the strawberry pest, six cameras... C. Zhou, W. Lee, A. Pourreza, J.K. Schueller, O.E. Liburd, Y. Ampatzidis, G. Zuniga-ramirez |
20. Limitations of Yield Monitor Data to Support Field-scale ResearchPrecision agriculture adoption on farms continues to grow globally on farms. Today, yield monitors have become standard technologies on grain, cotton and sugarcane harvesters. In recent years, we have seen industry and even academics leveraging the adoption of precision agriculture technologies to conduct field-scale, on-farm research. Industry has been a primary driver of the increase in on-farm research globally through the development of software to support on-farm research. ... J.P. Fulton, S.A. Shearer, A. Gauci, A. Lindsey, D. Barker, E. Hawkins |
21. Snap-shot Hyperspectral Camera for Potassium Prediction of Peach Trees Using Multivariate AnalysisHyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging technology being utilized in agriculture. This system could be used to monitor the overall health of plants or pest disease detection. As sensing technology advances, measuring nutrient levels and disease detection also progresses. This study aimed to predict the levels of potassium (K) content in peach leaves with the new snapshot hyperspectral camera. The study was conducted at the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Farm (Seneca, SC, USA, 34.61... J.J. Maja, M. Abenina, M. Cutulle, J. Melgar, H. Liu |
22. Robot Safety Issues in Field Crops - EU Regulatory Issues and Technical AspectsThe use of robots in Precision Agriculture is becoming of great interest, but they introduce a new kind of risk in the field due to their self-acting and self-driving capability. Safety issues appear with respect to people working in the same field in human-robot collaboration (HRC) framework or to the accidental presence of humans or animals. A robot out of control may also invade other areas causing unpredictable harm and damage. Currently, the safety of highly automated agricultural... M. Canavari, P. Lattanzi, G. Vitali, L. Emmi |
23. The ISO Strategic Advisory Group for Smart Farming: a Multi-pronged Opportunity for Greater Global InteroperabilityAgriculture is becoming increasingly complex and producers must secure their profitability, sustainability, and freedom to operate under a progressively more challenging set of constraints such as climate change, regulatory pressure, changes in consumer preferences, increasing cost of inputs, and commodity price volatility. We have not, however, yet reached the level of data interoperability required for a truly "smart" farming that can tackle the aforementioned problems... R. Ferreyra, J. Lehmann |
24. Profitability of Regenerative Cropping with Autonomous Machines: an Ex-ante Assessment of a British Crop-livestock FarmFarmers, agroecological innovators and research have suggested mixed cropping as a way to promote soil health. Mixing areas of different crops in the same field is another form of precision agriculture's spatial and temporal management. The simplest form of mixed cropping is strip cropping. In conventional mechanized farming use of mixed cropping practices (i.e., strip cropping, pixel cropping) is limited by labour availability, rising wage rates, and management complexity. Regenerative agriculture... A. Al amin, J. Lowenberg-deboer, K.F. Franklin, E. Dickin, J. Monaghan, K. Behrendt |
25. Global Adoption of Precision Agriculture: an Update on Trends and Emerging TechnologiesThe adoption of precision agriculture (PA) has been mixed. Some technologies (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) guidance) have been adopted rapidly worldwide wherever there is mechanized agriculture. Adoption of some of the original PA technologies introduced in the 1990s has been modest almost everywhere (e.g., variable rate fertilizer). New and more advanced technologies based on robotics, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), machine vision, co-robotic automation, and artificial intelligence... J. Mcfadden, B. Erickson, J. Lowenberg-deboer, G. Milics |
26. Comparing Profitability of Variable Rate Nitrogen Prescription MethodsVariable rate nitrogen (VRN) prescriptions have been field-tested against uniform N application for over 25 years. VRN prescription algorithms vary in the type and cost of information they require. To date, few studies have compared the benefits and costs of alternative VRN prescription methods. VRN prescriptions draw on diverse information, including soil and tissue N sampling, yield history (YH), and remotely sensed spectral reflectance (such as the Normalized Difference... S. Lee, S.M. Swinton |
27. Opportunity Cost of Precision ConservationCrop production and biodiversity conservation vie for limited agricultural land resources. While biodiversity conservation benefits society as a whole, it is farmers who bear the immediate economic consequences of shifting land from agricultural to conservation use. When parts of a field are put into conservation use, farmers give up the net revenue that they earned from crop production, accepting the “opportunity cost” of losing that revenue stream. But since crop yields are... S. Lee, S.M. Swinton |
28. A Multi-objective Optimisation Analysis of Virtual Fencing in Precision GrazingVirtual fencing is a precision livestock farming tool consisting of invisible boundaries created via Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and managed remotely and in real time by app-based technology. Grazing livestock are equipped with battery-powered collars capable of delivering audio or vibration cues and possibly electric shocks when approaching or crossing an invisible boundary. Virtual fencing makes precision grazing possible without the need for physical fences. This technology originated... E. Maritan, K. Behrendt, J. Lowenberg-deboer, S. Morgan, M.S. Rutter |
29. HOPSY: Harvesting Optimization for Production of Strawberry Using Real-time Detection with YOLOv8Optimizing the harvesting process presents a continuous challenge within the strawberry industry, especially during peak seasons when precise labor allocation becomes critical for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The conventional method for addressing this issue has been hindered by an absence of real-time data regarding yield distribution, resulting in less-than-ideal worker assignments and unnecessary expenditures on labor. In response, a novel, portable, real-time strawberry detection system... Z. Huang, W. Lee, N. Takkellapati |
30. Data-driven Agriculture and Sustainable Farming: Friends or Foes?Sustainability in our food and fiber agriculture systems is inherently knowledge intensive. It is more likely to be achieved by using all the knowledge, technology, and resources available, including data-driven agricultural technology and precision agriculture methods, than by relying entirely on human powers of observation, analysis, and memory following practical experience. Data collected by sensors and digested by artificial intelligence (AI) can help farmers learn about synergies... O. Rozenstein, Y. Cohen, V. Alchanatis , K. Behrendt, D.J. Bonfil, G. Eshel, A. Harari, W.E. Harris, I. Klapp, Y. Laor, R. Linker, T. Paz-kagan, S. Peets, M.S. Rutter, Y. Salzer, J. Lowenberg-deboer |
31. Spectral Response of Six Treatments of Soil Fertilization in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Var. Diacol Capiro with UASIn Colombia, potato cultivation occupies the third place among the transient crops in the country, covering approximately 160,000 hectares. It holds the first place in terms of production value, reaching US $500 million, and ranks as the second crop with the highest demand for fertilizers, constituting 20% of production costs. The departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Nariño, and Antioquia are the primary potato producers, accounting for 87.8% of the total production. Traditional... S.A. Rubaino sosa, O.Y. Cristancho rojas, W.A. Leon rueda, O.G. Montero pinilla, J.C. Roa bello, I.A. Lizarazo salcedo |
32. High Throughput Phenotyping of the Energy Cane Crop UAV-based LiDAR, Multispectral and RGB DataEnergy cane is a hybrid of sugarcane cultivated for their high biomass and fiber instead of sugar. It is used for production of biofuels and as feedstock for animals. As a relatively new crop, accurate knowledge of biophysical parameters such as height and biomass of different genotypes are pertinent to cultivar development. Such knowledge is also crucial to manage crop health, understand response to environmental effects, optimize harvest schedules, and estimate bioenergy yield. Nonetheless,... B. Ghansah, I. Khuimphukhieo, J.L. Scott, M. Bhandari, J. Foster, J. Da silva, H. Li, M. Starek |
33. Enabling Field-level Connectivity in Rural Digital Agriculture with Cloud-based LoRaWANThe widespread adoption of next-generation digital agriculture technologies in rural areas faces a critical challenge in the form of inadequate field-level connectivity. Traditional approaches to connecting people fall short in providing cost-effective solutions for many remote agricultural locations, exacerbating the digital divide. Current cellular networks, including 5G with millimeter wave technology, are urban-centric and struggle to meet the evolving digital agricultural needs, presenting... Y. Zhang, J. Bailey, A. Balmos, F.A. Castiblanco rubio, J. Krogmeier, D. Buckmaster, D. Love, J. Zhang, M. Allen |