1. Development and Validation of a Low-Cost IoT-Based Weather Station Using LoRa Communication for Precision Agriculture

Access to accurate local meteorological data remains a critical bottleneck for precision agriculture adoption among small and medium-scale Brazilian farmers. Commercial weather stations cost between R$ 15,000 and R$ 50,000, while public networks such as INMET operate with average inter-station spacing of 30–50 km, insufficient to capture the microclimate variability that drives field-scale irrigation and crop management decisions. This study presents the development, field validation, and... A.L. Carvalho, C.C. Santana, R. Avelar, F.D. Silva, F. Soares