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Authors
Åström, H
Abbas, F
Abd Aziz, S
Abd-Elrahman, A
Abdala, M
Abdalla, K
Abdelghafour, F
Abdelghafour, F.Y
Abdol Lajis, G
Abenina, M
Aberger, C
Abonyi, J
Abu Seman, I
Abukmeil, R
Acebron, K
Adamchuk, V
Adamchuk, V.I
Adams, C
Adedeji, O
Adedeji, O.I
Adhikari, K
Adu-Gyamfi, Y
Aggarwal, V
Agili, H
Agneroh, T
Ahamed, T
Ahmad, A
Ahmed, M
Ahrends, H.E
Aijima, K
Aikes Junior, J
Aizpurua, A
Akhter, F
Al Amin, A
Al-Adawi, S
Al-Busaidi, A
Al-Gaadi, K
Al-Gaadi, K.A
Al-Hinai, K
Al-Mulla, Y.A
Al-Rahbi, S
Al-Wardy, M
Al-buasidi, H
Albarenque, S.M
Albrecht, U
Alchanati, V
Alchanatis, V
Alderman, P.D
Aldridge, K
Alfonso, F
Alheidary, M.H
Ali, A
Ali, K
Ali, M
Ali, U
Alizadeh, E
Allegro, G
Allphin, E
Almallahi, A
Alves, F
Alves, G
Amaral, L.R
Ameglio, L
Amin, S
Ammar, K
Amouzou, K.A
Ampatzidis, Y
Ampatzidis, Y.G
An, X
Anaba, C.I
Anastasiou, E
Andersen, P
Anderson, L
Anderson, S.H
Anderson, V
Andrade, J
Andrade, P
Andrae, J
Andretta, I
Andrew, J
Andriamandroso, A
Andvaag, E
Ansari, M
Anselmi, A.A
Antunes, J.F
Apolo-Apolo, E
Aranguren, M
Araujo, A.G
Archontoulis, S
Arias, A
Arias, A.C
Arif, M
Arikapudi, R
Arnall, D
Arvidsson, J
Arzani, H
Asenso, E
Ashley, R
Ashraf, E
Ashworth, A
Attanayake, A
Attanayake, A.U
Auer, W
Ault, A
Avanzi, J.C
Bölenius, E
Büscher, P
Badenhorst, P.E
Badr, G
Badua, S
Bae, I
Baffaut, C
Baggard, J
Bagheri, S
Baharom, S.N
Bainard, L
Bajwa, S
Balafoutis, A
Balasundram, S.K
Balboa, G
Balkcom, K.S
Balla, I
Balmos, A
Balol, G.B
Balzarini, M
Banerjee, M
Bao, Y
Bareth, G
Barker, D
Barlage, M
Barnes, E
Barrero, O
Barreto, A.R
Barroso, L
Basso, B
Bastos, L
Batbayar, E
Batchelor, W.D
Bates, T.R
Bauer, P.J
Baumbauer, C
Bautista, F
Bazzi, C
Bazzi, C.L
Bean, G
Bean, G.M
Becker, M
Bede, L
Bedwell, E
Been, T
Beeri, O
Behrendt, K
Bejo, S
Bekkerman, A
Belec, C
Bellvert, J
Belsky, C
Beltarre, G
Ben-Gal, A
Benbihi, A
Benke, S
Benő, A
Berg, A
Berger, A
Berger, A.G
Bergheim, R
Berglund, &.E
Bernardi, A.C
Berry, P
Bertani, T.D
Bertelsen, M.G
Berzins, R
Best, S
Betzek, N
Betzek, N.M
Bhandari, S
Bhansali, S
Bharatiya, P
Bhardwaj, M
Bhuiya, G
Bhusal, S
Bier, J
Bier, V
Binch, A
Bindelle, J
Biradar, D.P
Bishop, T.F
Bishop-Hurley, G
Bisson, G
Biswas, A
Blacker, C
Blanke, M.M
Blasch, G
Bloch, I
Blocker, A.K
Boardman, D.L
Boatswain Jacques, A.A
Bodas, V
Bodnár, K.B
Bodson, B
Boejer, O
Bohman, B
Boini, A
Boisgontier, D
Bojer, O.M
Bolfe, E
Bolton, C
Bonfil, D.J
Bongiovanni, M
Bongiovanni, R
Bonnardel, B
Bonomi, A
Booij, J.A
Borùvka, L
Borghi, E
Bortolon, E.S
Bortolon, L
Bosak, A
Bosompem, M
Bouchard, M
Bouhlel, N
Bouroubi, M.Y
Bouroubi, Y
Bradford, J
Brandes, N
Brant, V
Braunbeck, O
Braunbeck, O.A
Brazda, D
Bredemeier, C
Bresilla, K
Brian, S
Brinkhoff, J
Bronson, K.F
Brorsen, B
Brorsen, W
Brosnan, S
Bruce, A.E
Bruggeman, S
Brungardt, J.J
Bruulsema, T
Bu, H
Buckmaster, D
Buelvas, R
Buelvas, R.M
Bugnet, P
Burges, B
Buri, M.M
Burnquist, H.L
Burton, L
Butts, C
Bélec, C
Bückmann, H
Bűdi, K
CHANDRASHEKAR, C.P
Cabrera Dengra, M
Caicedo, J.H
Caixia, S
Calera, A
Calera, M
Callegari, D
Camberato, J
Camberato, J.J
Cambouris, A
Cambouris, A.N
Cammarano, D
Campos, I
Campos, L.B
Campos, R.P
Campoy, J
Canata, T.F
Canavari, M
Cao, Q
Cao, W
Capolicchio, J
Cardoso, T.F
Carlier, A
Carneiro, F.M
Caron, J
Carrillo Romero, G
Carter, A
Carter, E
Carter, P
Carter, P.R
Carvalho, R
Carver, S.M
Casiano, P.M
Casiero, D.P
Castellón, A
Castilla, L.A
Castro, S.G
Castro, T
Cavalcante, D.S
Cavayas, F
Celades, J.A
Cerliani, C
Cesario Pereira Pinto, J
Chabot, V
Chae, Y
Chagas, M.F
Chaichi, M.R
Chakraborty, M
Channangi, S.M
Charvat Jr., K
Charvat, K
Chassen, E
Cheema, S.J
Chen, F
Chen, M
Chen, N
Chen, S
Chen, T
Chen, Y
Chen, Z
Cheng, S
Cheng, Z
Chiang, R
Chiang, R.C
Chim, B
Choi, D
Choi, M
Chokmani, K
Chong, Y
Choo, Y
Chowdury, M
Christensen, A
Christiaens, R
Christiansen, M.P
Chung, K
Chung, S
Chyba, J
Ciampitti, I
Ciampitti, I.A
Claassen, A
Clark, J.J
Clarke, S
Clarke-Hill, W
Claussen, J
Claußen, J
Clay, D.E
Clay, S
Cloutier, G
Coates, A
Coates, R
Coble, K
Cocciardi, R
Codjia, C
Cohen, A
Cohen, O
Cohen, Y
Colaço, A.F
Colley III, R
Cong, Y
Conley, M.M
Conley, S
Conway, L
Conway, L.S
Cook, S
Cooke, N
Coonen, J
Cooper, J
Cordero, E
Corrêdo, L
Cosby, A
Cosby, A.M
Costa, C.C
Coulter, J.A
Cousins, A
Cox, C
Craker, B.E
Crawford, K
Crnojevic, V
Crnojevic-Bengin, V
Csatári, N
Csenki, S
Cue, R.I
Cugnasca, C.E
Cuitiva Baracaldo, R
Cullop, J
Cummings, T
Custer, S
Cutulle, M
DUMONT, B
Da Costa, J
Dafnaki, D
Dag, A
Dall'Agnol, R.W
Dallago, G.M
Damerow, L.M
Dammer, K
Dandrifosse, S
Danford, D.D
Darrozes, J
Das, A
Das, A.K
Das, K
Dash, M
Daughtry, D
Davadant, P
Davis, P
De Baerdemaeker, J
De Ketelaere, B
De Kleine, M
De Neve, S
De Poorter, E
De Waele, T
DeBruin, J
Debbagh, M
Deckers, T
Deen, B
Degioanni, A
Dehne, H
Delwiche, M
Deng, W
Dennis, S.J
Denton, A.M
Derival, M
Desai, B.L
Desai, V
Destain, J
Destain, M
Devakumar, N
Devine, J
Dhal, S
Dhawale, N
Dhillon, R
Dhoubhadel, S
Diago, M
Dillen, J
Dillon, C
Dimos, N.F
Do, D
Doering, D
Dokoozlian, N
Donatti, C
Dong, J
Dong, R
Dong, T
Dong, Y
Dongare, M.L
Dorado, J
Dos Reis, A.A
Dos Santos, R.S
Dosskey, M
Dota, M.A
Douridas, N
Douzals, J
Draye, X
Drechsler, K
Drewry, J
Drexler, D
Dreyer, J
Dreyer, J.G
Driemeier, C
Drillich, M
Drover, D
Drummond, S.T
DuPont, E.M
Duarte de Val, M
Duarte, C
Duchemin, M
Duddu, H
Duddu, H.U
Duff, H
Duff, H.D
Dufrasne, I
Duft, D.G
Dukes, M
Dumont, B
Duncan, E
Durand, P
Dutilleul, P
Dutta, S
Dynes, R
Dyrmann, M
Eberle, D
Edge, B
Efrosinin, D
Egea, G
Ehsani, R
Eitelwein, M.T
Ekanayake, D.C
El Gamal, A
El-Mejjaouy, Y
Elkins, R
Ellingson, J.L
Ellsworth, P
Elsen, A
Elvir Flores, A
Emmi, L
Endres, G
Enger, B.D
Ennadifi, E
Erdle, K
Erickson, B
Erickson, B.J
Eriksen, J
Esau, K
Esau, T
Esau, T.J
Espinas, A
Esposito, G
Ettema, J.F
Evans, F
Evans, F.H
Evers, B
Evert, F.V
Eyster, R
Fadul-Pacheco, L
Fajardo, M
Fallon, E
Falzon, G
Fang, H
Farahmand, K
Farooque, A
Farooque, A.A
Fassana, N
Federizzi, L.C
Federle, C
Feher, T
Feldhaus, J
Feng, A
Feng, G
Feng, H
Feng, L
Fereres, E
Ferguson, R
Ferguson, R.B
Feritas Colaço, A
Fernandes, B.B
Fernandez, F
Fernandez, F.G
Fernandez-Novales, J
Fernández, F.G
Ferraz Pueyo, C
Ferraz, M.N
Ferreyra, R
Figueiredo, D
Figueiredo, D.M
Figueiredo, G.K
Figueredo, D.G
Filippetti, I
Filippi, P
Finegan, M
Fiorese, D.A
Fleming, K
Flint, E.A
Flores, P
Flores, P.J
Floyd, W
Fontaine, D
Fortes, R
Fortunato, M
Fountas, S
Fox, C.W
Fragalle, C.V
Fragalle, E.P
Franco, H.C
Franklin, K
Franklin, K.F
Franz, F
Franzen, D
Franzen, D.W
Fraser, E
Freitas, R.G
Friedrich, J
Friell, J
Frimpong, K.A
Friskop, A
Fritz, A
Fu, W
Fu, X
Fuentes, C.L
Fulton, J
Fulton, J.P
Gérard, B.G
Gómez, S
Göttinger, M
G, S
Gadler, D.J
Gallios, I
Galzki, J
Gamble, A
Gan, H
Ganascini, D
Gandorfer, M
Gao, L
Gao, N
Gao, X
García, C.E
Garza, C
Gauci, A
Gavioli, A
Gaynor, P
Gebler, L
Gendron, L
Gerighausen, H
Germain, C
Gerth, S
Ghimire, B.P
Ghimire, D
Gholizadeh, A
Ghoreishi, S
Gibberd, M
Gilbert, L
Gill, N
Gips, A
Giriyappa, M
Girona, J
Gislum, R
Gitelson, A.A
Glewen, K
Gnatowski, T
Gobezie, T.B
Gochis, D
Godinho, R
Goldshtein, E
Goldwasser, Y
Golla, B
Gombos, B
Gong, A
Gonzalez, J
Gonzalez-Dugo, V
Gonçalves Trevisan, R
Goodrich, P
Goodrich, P.J
Gosselin, B
Gosselin, C
Goyer, C
Graff, N
Grafton, M.Q
Grappadelli, L.C
Graziano Magalhães, P.S
Green, O
Green, R.L
Grewal, K
Griffin, T
Griffin, T.W
Grignani, C
Grocholski, P
Grooters, K
Gross, B
Gu, H
Gu, X
Guerra, S.P
Guerra, S.S
Guimarães, L
Guimarães, M
Gumero, J
Gumiere, S.J
Gunther, D
Gunzenhauser, B
Gunzenhauser, R
Guo, W
Gupta, S
Gutierrez, S
Gutteridge, M
Ha, T
Hachisuca, A
Hachisuca, A.
Hachisuca, A.M
Hafferman, A
Hagan, B.A
Haghverdi, A
Hagolle, O
Hagymássy, Z
Hajda, C
Hallema, D.W
Ham, W
Hamann, H.F
Hambly, H
Hamm, P.B
Hammond, J
Hammond, K
Hamza, N
Han, C
Hand, K.J
Haneklaus, S.H
Hanke, R
Hannah, L
Hansel, D
Hansen, N
Hanumanthappa, D
Happich, G
Harkin, S.J
Harnisch, W
Harris, G
Harsha Chepally, R
Harsányi, E
Hartmann, B
Hartschuh, J
Hartschuh, J.M
Hassaballa, A.A
Hatfield, G
Hatfield, J.L
Hatley, D
Hauschild, L
Hauser, J.S
Hawkins, E
Haymann, N
Hazra, J
He, Y
He, Z
Hedley, C
Hegedus, P
Hegedus, P.B
Hegedus, P.D
Heggemann, T
Heggemann, T.W
Heijting, S
Heinrich, T
Hejl, R
Helga, W
Helmers, M
Hennessy, P.J
Henry, D
Hensley, R
Hernandez, C
Herrmann, I
Hertzberg, J
Hettiarachchi, G
Hijmans, R.J
Hinck, S
Hinds, N
Hinsinger, P
Hirakawa, A
Hirakawa, A.R
Hodge, K
Hoerfarter, R
Hoffman, E
Hoffmann Silva Karp, F
Hokanson, G.E
Holland, K.H
Holmes, A
Holmes, A.W
Holmes, G
Holub, B.K
Hong, S
Hongo, C
Hopkins, B
Hopkins, B.G
Horakova, S
Horneck, D.A
Hu, J
Hu, Q
Hu, S
Hu, Y
Huang, H
Huang, J
Huang, L
Huang, Y
Hughes, E.W
Huh, Y
Hunsche, M
Hunt, E
Hüging, H
Hülsbergen, K.J
Ibendahl, G
Imiolek, A
Imiolek, M
Inamasu, R
Inamasu, R.Y
Ingels, C
Ingram, B
Inunciaga Leston, G
Irby, J.T
Isakeit, T
Isono, S
Issaka, F
Iwasaki, Y
Iwersen, M
Izurieta, C
Jacquin, A
Jadhav, B.T
Jafari, A
Jalem, R.S
James, P
Jang, S
Jangandi, S
Jansky, T
Jasper, J
Jasse, E.P
Jayachandran, K
Jayasuriya, H
Jayasuriya, H.P
Jedmowski, C
Jenal, A
Jensen, N
Jensen, R
Jeong, D
Jermy, M
Jha, S
Ji, W
Jia, M
Jian, S
Jiang, D
Jiang, G
Jiang, H
Jiang, L
Jimenez, A
Jimenez, F.J
Jimenez, N
Jin, H
Jing, Q
Jiuhao, L
Johal, G
Johann, A.L
John, W
Johnson, D
Johnson, E
Johnson, E.U
Johnson, R.M
Johnston, A
Jones, A
Jones, D.L
Jones, E.J
Jones, J
Jonsson, A
Jorgensen, R
Jorgensen, R.N
Joshi, D
Jowett, T
Jun, D
Junfang, X
Jung, K
Jørgensen, R.N
KC, K
Kabaliuk, N
Kabir, M.S
Kablan, L
Kakarla, S
Kalafatis, S
Kale, M
Kallithraka, S
Kana, I
Kandel, H
Kang, C
Kantipudi, K
Kanz, P
Kaplan, G
Karam, A
Karampoiki, M
Karatay, Y
Kargar, S
Karimi, F
Karkee, M
Karn, R
Karp, F.H
Karstoft, H
Kashetri, S
Katz, L
Kaul, A
Kaur, G
Kavanagh, R
Kawagoe, Y
Kayad, A.G
Kazula, M
Kechadi, M
Keller, B
Keller, M
Kelley, A
Kemerer, A.C
Kempenaar, C
Kepka, M
Keresztes, B
Kerry, R
Kessel, G.J
Khakbazan, M
Khan, H
Khanal, K
Khanna, R
Kharel, T
Kholikulov, S
Khosla, R
Khosro Anjom, F
Khot, L
Khun, K
Kickinger, F
Kikkert, J.R
Kim, D
Kim, S
Kim, Y
Kindred, D
King, W
Kipper, M
Kisekka, I
Kitchen, N
Kitchen, N.R
Kitcken, N
Klein, L.J
Kleinhenz, B
Klingner, S
Klopfenstein, A
Knapp, M
Knight, C.W
Koch, G
Koch, J.K
Kocks, C
Kocsis, M
Kodaira, M
Kolar, P.R
Kolln, O.T
Koszinski, S
Kotseridis, Y
Koundouras, S
Kovács, A.J
Kovács, A.J
Kraska, T
Krcek, V
Kremer, R
Krieger, S
Krishnaswamy, K
Kristensen, A.R
Krmenec, A
Krogmeier, J
Kross, A
Kroulik, M
Kruger, G
Krumpholz, A
Krys, K
Kshetri, S
Kubickova, H
Kuehner, K
Kukal, S
Kulczycki, G
Kulmany, I.M
Kulmány, I
Kumar, R
Kumar, S
Kumpatla, S
Kyraleou, M
Kyveryga, P
Kyveryga, P.M
López-Granados, F
LENOIR, A
Laacouri, A
Laamrani, A
Laboski, C
Laboski, C.A
Lacerda, L
Lacerda, L.N
Lacoste, M
Lacroix, R
Lafond, J
Lafond, J.A
Lagarrigue, M
Lai, C
Lajili, A
Lajunen, A
Lamb, D
Lamb, D.W
Lamichhane, R
Lamparelli, R.A
Lampinen, B
Lanças, K.P
Lancas, K.P
Lang, V
Lange, A
Langovskis, D
Lapen, D
Lare, M
Larsen, D
Lattanzi, P
Laurenson, S
Laursen, M.S
Lauzon, S
Lawrence, P.G
Layton, A
Le-Khac, N
Lebeau, F
Leclerc, M
Leduc, M
Lee, J
Lee, K
Lee, L
Lee, S
Lee, W
Lee, W.S
Leenen, M
Leese, S
Lefebvre, D
Lefebvre, D.M
Lefsrud, M
Lehmann, J
Leib, B.G
Leite, N.J
Leithold, P
Leithold, T
Leiva, J.N
Leksono, E
Lena, B.P
Leonard, B.J
Lepoivre, B
Lerch, R
Lessl, J
Leszczyńska, R
Leufen, G
Levi, M
Levitan, N
Lew, D
Lewis, K
Li, B
Li, C
Li, D
Li, F
Li, L
Li, M
Li, Q
Li, S
Li, W
Li, X
Li, Y
Li, Z
Liakos, V
Liang, X
Liburd, O.E
Lidauer, L
Liebisch, F
Lilienthal, H
Lima, J.P
Lin, Y
Lin, Z
Lindblom, J
Lindsey, A
Linker, R
Linz, A
Litaor, I
Liu, B
Liu, C
Liu, F
Liu, H
Liu, J
Liu, S
Liu, X
Liu, Y
Ljubicic, N
Ljung, M
Lobo Júnior, A
Loewen, S
Loewen, S.D
Longchamps, L
Lopez, H
Lopez-Granados, F
Lorenz, F
Lotsi, A.K
Lottes, P
Louis, J
Lowenberg-DeBoer, J
Lowenberg‑DeBoer, J
Lu, J
Lu, Z
Luchiari Junior, A
Luciano, A.C
Luck, B
Luck, J
Lugli, L.C
Lund, E
Lund, T
Lundström, C
Lusher, J
Láng, V
Möller, K
Müller, M
MARASCA, I
Ma, W
Maack, D
MacAuliffe, R
MacEachern, C
Machado, T.M
Maciel, L
Mackenzie, C
Macura, J
Madetoja, M
Madramootoo, C
Madugundu, R
Magalhães, P.S
Magalhaes, P.G
Magalhães, P.G
Magalhães, P.S
Magyar, F
Mahanta, S
Maharjan, B
Maharlooei, M
Mahmood, S
Mahmood, S.A
Mahmoudi, S
Mahoney, W
Maidl, F.X
Mailloux, A
Maiti, D
Maja, J
Maja, J.J
Maja, J.M
Majumdar, K
Makkar, M.S
Malagi, M.T
Maldaner, L
Malik, G
Mallikaarjuna, G
Mandal, D
Manfrini, L
Mangus, D
Manning, M
Manoj, K
Mansouri, M.M
Marasca, I
March, M
Marchant, B
Marey, S
Mariano, E
Marin-Barrero, C
Mark, T
Marmette, M
Marquering, D
Martelli, R
Martello, L.S
Martello, M
Martin, R
Martinez-Guanter, J
Martini, D
Martins, M.R
Martre, P
Masiero, F.C
Massey, R
Massey, R.E
Mat Su, A
Mathew, J
Mathew, J.J
Maxton, C
Maxwell, B
Maxwell, B.D
May-tal, S
Mayer, J
Mazzoleni, R
McArthor, B
McArtor, B
McDonald, T.P
McFadden, J
McLaren, A
McLendon, A
McNairn, H
McVeagh, P.J
Mclure, B
Mederos, B.T
Medici, M
Meeks, C
Mekonnen, Y
Melchiori, R
Melchiori, R.J
Melgar, J
Melnitchouck, A
Mendes, I
Mendez, L
Mendez-Costabel, M
Meng, J
Meng, L
Meng, Z
Mennuti, D
Mentrup, D
Mercante, E
Mercatoris, B
Metcalf, S
Mey-tal, S
Meyer-Aurich, A
Mi, G
Miao, Y
Michalski, A
Michelon, G.K
Michiels, P
Mieno, T
Milani, I
Milic, D
Milics, G
Miller, C
Miller, J
Mills, A
Mills, B
Min, C
Miniotti, E.F
Minzenmayer, R.R
Miranda, C
Mirzakhaninafchi, H
Mizuta, K
Modi, R.U
Mohamed, M.M
Mohammad, A.S
Mohd Hanif, A
Molendijk, L.P
Molin, J
Molin, J.P
Momsen, E
Mon, J
Monfort, W.S
Montull, J.M
Moon, J
Mora, H
Morales Luna, G.L
Morales, A.C
Morales, G
Morales, G.L
Morandi, B
Morata, G
Morata, G.T
Moreda, E.A
Moreira, W
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Moretti, B
Morgan, A
Morgan, S
Morgan, S.E
Morley, T.G
Morlin, F
Moro, E
Morris, T
Mosler, T
Mostaço, G.M
Mouazen, A.M
Moulin, A
Mueller, J
Mueller, N
Mueller, T
Mueller, T.A
Mulla, D
Mulla, D.J
Muller, O
Mulligan, M
Munar Vivas, O
Munkhbayar, S
Munnaf, M.A
Muramatsu, K
Murdoch, A
Murdoch, A.J
Musacchi, S
Musil, M
Myers, D
Myers, D.B
Möller, A
NADAGOUDA, B.T
Nadav, I
Nafziger, E
Nafziger, E.D
Nagata, O
Nagel, P
Nagy, J
Najdenko, E
Najvirt, D
Nakagawa, Y
Nakao, H.S
Nambi, E
Naor, A
Nargund, V.B
Nascimento-Silva, K
Nault, J
Nayse, S.P
Nederend, J
Neelakantan, S
Negreiros, M
Nelson, K.J
Neményi, M
Neményi, M
Neupane, S
Neves, D.C
Ngo, V.M
Nguyen-Xuan, T
Nichols, R.L
Nielsen, K
Nielsen, M.B
Nielsen, M.R
Nielsen, R.L
Nietfeld, W
Nieto, J
Nigon, T
Nikravesh, S
Niwa, K
Nišavić, N
Nobakhti, A
Noel, S
Noga, G
Noland, R
Norquest, S
Novais, W
Nowatzki, J
Nowatzki, J.F
Nyéki, A
Nyéki, A
Nze Memiaghe, J
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Nándor, C
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POLEPOLE, S.J
Pacheco, G.B
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Pajuelo Madrigal, V
Palacios, D
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Pampolino, M
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Paraforos, D
Parashuramegowda, C.C
Pardaev, S
Parkash, V
Parraga, A
Pasquel, D
Pastore, C
Pate, G.L
Patil, P
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Patil, V.C
Pauly, K
Payn, R
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Paz, L
Peña, J
Peña, J.M
Pecchioni, N
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Peerlinck, A
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Pelta, R
Peralta, D
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Pereira, N.D
Perez, V
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Perron, I
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Perulli, G
Pessl, G
Peters, T
Pethybridge, S.J
Petix, R
Pezzi, F
Peña, J
Pfeiffer, J
Pgowda, C.C
Pham, F.H
Phelan, A
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Phillips, R
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Pieger, K
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Pires, P.S
Pittman, J
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Plum, J
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Poilvé, H
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Poland, J
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Post, S
Postelmans, A
Potdar, M.P
Potrpin, J
Poulin, J
Pourreza, A
Pourshamsaei, H
Poursina, D
Powell, K
Pradalier, C
Prasad, R
Prasad, V
Prestholt, A
Price, K
Price, R.R
Prince Czarnecki, J.M
Prostko, E.P
Pullanagari, R.R
Puntel, L
PÄTZOLD, S
Pätzold, S
Qian, B
Qian, J
Qiaohua, W
Quaderer, J
Quanbeck, J
Quinn, D.
Quirós, J.J
Quoitin, B
Röhrig, M
Rabe, N
Ragán, P
Raheja, A
Rahman, M.M
Rai, N
Rainbow, R
Raju, N
Ramachandran, B
Randriamanga, D
Ranieri, E
Ransom, C.
Ransom, C.J
Rascher, U
Rasheed, R
Rathee, G
Ravindran, P
Raz, J
Raz, Y
Reddy, S
Redmond, C
Reeg, P
Reiche, B
Reicks, G
Reisinger, S
Reiter, S
Rekhi, M
Remacre, A.Z
Remus, A
Rene-Laforest, F
Rennó, L.N
Reusch, S
Rew, L.J
Reyes Gonzalez, J
Rhea, S.T
Rial-Lovera, K
Richard, A
Ridout, M
Rigney, J.D
Rivest, J
Roach, J
Robbins, J
Roberson, G
Roberts, A
Robson, A
Rocha, D
Rodrigues Junior, F.A
Rodrigues, F
Rodrigues, M
Rodriguez, J.C
Roehrdanz, P
Roel, A
Rojo, F
Roka, F
Roland, L
Romani, M
Roques, S
Rosburg, A
Rosen, C
Rosenberg, O
Rossant, F
Rossetti, G
Rossi Neto, J
Rosu, R
Rothrock, C.S
Roumiguié, A
Roux, S
Rovira-Más, F
Rowland, D
Roy, R
Rozenstein, O
Ruckelshausen, A
Rud, R
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Rudy, H
Ruiz, M
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Rydberg, A
Ryu, S
Rátonyi, T
SATYAREDDI, S.A
SVIERCOSKI, R
Saberioon, M
Sacco, D
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Sadeque, Z
Sadler, J
Saenz, L
Saeys, W
Saifuzzaman, M
Saiz-Rubio, V
Salimath, S.B
Salvaggio, C
Samborski, S.M
Sampath, N
Sams, B
Sanches, G.M
Sanchez, L.A
Sanchez, S
Sanderson, J
Sanderson, R
Sankaran, S
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Santiago, W.E
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Schepters, J.S
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Schneider, D
Schneider, M.F
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Schueller, J.K
Schuenemann, G.M
Schulte-Ostermann, S
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Schumann, A.W
Schurr, U
Schweinzer, V
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Sharp, J
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Shurjeel, H.K
Siegfried, J
Siegwart, R
Sielenkemper, M
Sigel, G
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Silva, F.V
Silva, J.C
Silva, R.P
Silveira, R.R
Silverman, N
Sinfort, C
Singh, A
Singh, J
Singh, M
Siqueira, R.D
Sisák, I
Sivarajan, S
Skerikova, M
Skovsen, S
Slaughter, D.C
Smith, A
Smith, A.P
Smith, D.R
Snevajs, H
Snider, J
Snider, J.L
Sobjak, R
Soerensen, M
Soetan, M
Sogbedji, J.M
Song, M
Song, X
Soni, R
Sorensen, M.D
Sornapudi, S
Sousa, R
Sousa, R.V
Souza, E
Souza, E.G
Souza, I.R
Spadim, E.R
Sparrow, R
Spekken, M
Spinelli, C.B
Sprinstin, M
Spurlock, T.N
Squires, T
Sridharan, S
Stachniss, C
Stamm, M.J
Stanley, J
Stanley, J.S
Stavness, I
Steen, K.A
Steensma, K.M
Steffan, S
Steier, A
Steiner, U
Stelford, M
Stelford, M.W
Stenger, J
Stepien, P
Stettler, E
Stevens, G
Stevens, L.J
Stewart, S
Stone, K.C
Strachan, I.B
Strasser, R
Straw, C
Strenner, M
Stuckey, E.G
Stueve, K
Sturm, V
Sudduth, K
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Sugihara, T
Sugimoto, T
Suh, C
Sui, R
Sulyok, D
Sun, C
Sun, X
Sundström, B
Sunkevic, M
Sunohara, M
Susin, A
Swanson, G
Swe, K.M
Sylvester-Bradley, R
Szabó, K
Szabó, S
Szatylowicz, J
Séguin, M
Tümsavas, Z
TORGBOR, B.A
Tabatabai, S
Taberner, A
Tabile, R
Tagarakis, A.C
Takahashi, T
Takács, A
Tamura, E
Tan, L
Tang, L
Tanny, J
Tardaguila, J
Tarshish, R
Tavares, T
Tavares, T.R
Taylor, A
Taylor, G.W
Taylor, J
Taylor, J.A
Taylor, M.E
Teboh, J
Tedesco, D
Teirab, A
Tekin, A.B
Tekin, Y
Tenni, D
Testa, J
Thies, S
Thomasson, A
Thompson, A
Thompson, L
Thompson, L.J
Thornton, M
Thorp, K.R
Thurmond, M
Tian, L.F
Tian, Y
Tikasz, P
Ting, K.C
Tinini, R.C
Tiscornia, G
Tisseyre, B
Todman, L
Tola, E
Toledo, A.D
Toledo, O.M
Torres-Sánchez, J
Torres-Sanchez, J
Torresen, K
Townsend, P
Tremblay, N
Trentin, C
Trevisan, R.G
Trindall, J
Tronco, M.L
Trotter, M
Trotter, M.G
Tsibart, A
Tsogt-Ochir, S
Tsoulias, N
Tsukor, V
Tucker, M
Tucker, M.W
Tulasigeri, V
Tumenjargal, E
Turk, P
Turner, I
Turner, R.W
Tuttle, G
Twickler, P
Tóth, G
Uhlmann, N
Uhrmann, F
Ulusoy, Y
Umeda, H
Underwood, H
Upadhyaya, P
Upadhyaya, S
Upadhyaya, S.K
Usui, K
Utoyo, B
V.M., A.H
VANDOORNE, B
Vašát, R
Valente, I.Q
Valentini, G
Van Beers, R
Van Couwenberghe, R
Van de Ven, G
Varga, P.M
Vargas, F
Vasseur, E
Veiga, J.P
Vellidis, G
Verma, A.P
Verma, U
Vermeulen, P
Verschwele, A
Vetch, J.M
Vetsch, J
Veum, K
Veum, K.S
Viator, B.J
Viator, R.P
Vidana Gamage, D.N
Videla, H
Vieira, J
Vieira, J.A
Vigneault, P
Vilanova Jr., N.
Villalobos, J.E
Villodre, J
Virk, S
Virk, S.S
Virrankoski, R
Vitali, G
Voicu, A
Volk, T
Vona, V
Vong, C
Vories, E
Vories, E.D
Vosberg, S
Vougioukas, S.G
Vántus, A
WORTH, S.H
Wagner, P
Wakabayashi, K
Wakahara, S
Wallace, D
Wallenhammar, A
Walsh, K
Walsh, O
Walsh, O.S
Walter, A
Wang, C
Wang, H
Wang, J
Wang, M
Wang, S
Wang, X
Wang, Y
Wang, Z
Wangyuan, Z
Ward, J
Ward, M.D
Warner, D
Wasson, L.L
Watkins, E
Watkins, K
Weersink, A
Wehrle, R
Welch, S
Welp, G
Werkmeister, B.K
Werner, A
Weschter, E.O
Westerdijk, K
Whalen, J
Whelan, B
Whelan, B.M
White, J.W
White, M
White, S.N
Whiting, M.D
Whitney, S
Wieland, S
Williams, D
Wilson, G.L
Wilson, J.A
Wiseman, L
Wolf, J.G
Wood, B.A
Woods, S.A
Woolley, E
Wouters, N
Wright, T.M
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Xia, T
Xie, R
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Yan, N
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Yang, C
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Yang, W
Yang, X
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Yazdani, S
Ye, D
Yeager, E.A
Yi, Z
Yida, D
Yilma, W
Yilma, W.A
Yongtao, L
Yost, M
Yost, M.A
You Fu, E
You, X
Youchun, D
Young, J
Yu, W
Yule, I.J
Zabransky, P
Zadrazil, F
Zaier, R
Zaman, Q
Zaman, Q.U
Zamora, I
Zamora, M
Zarco-Tejada, P.J
Zebarth, B
Zebrath, B
Zekri, S
Zendonadi, N
Zeng, H
Zhang, A
Zhang, J
Zhang, Q
Zhang, X
Zhang, Y
Zhang, Z
Zhao, C
Zhao, H
Zhao, X
Zhao, Y
Zhao, Z
Zhihui, Z
Zhou, C
Zhou, J
Zhou, Y
Zhu, Y
Ziadi, N
Zimmermanm, L
Zipori, I
Znoj, E
Zsebo, S
Zsebő, S
Zude-Sasse, M
Zuniga-Ramirez, G
Zydenbos, S
chen, D
chen, T
da Silva, L.D
da Silva, T.R
de Azevedo, K.K
de Carvalho, H.W
de Castro, A
de Castro, A.I
de Figueiredo, D.M
de Menezes, P.L
de Sousa, M.G
de Souza, M.R
del Val, M.D
dong, J
jiang, S
kaboodi, S
nabizadeh, E
song, S
van Aardt, J
van Donk, S
van Evert, F
van Evert, F.K
van Vliet, L
Ágnes, T
Öhlschuster, M
Topics
Remote Sensing Applications in Precision Agriculture
Emerging Issues in Precision Agriculture (Energy, Biofuels, Climate Change, Standards)
Engineering Technologies and Advances
Precision Crop Protection
Sensor Application in Managing In-season CropVariability
Precision Nutrient Management
Spatial Variability in Crop, Soil and Natural Resources
Profitability, Sustainability and Adoption
Precision Horticulture
Food Security and Precision Agriculture
Proximal Sensing in Precision Agriculture
Precision Dairy and Livestock Management
Precision Conservation Management
Applications of UAVs (unmanned aircraft vehicle systems) in precision agriculture
Precision Fertilization of Horticultural Crops
Fluorescence Sensing for Precision Crop Management
Site-Specific Nutrient, Lime and Seed Management
Proximal and Remote Sensing of Soil and Crop (including Phenotyping)
Drainage Optimization and Variable Rate Irrigation
Precision Crop Protection
Education and Outreach in Precision Agriculture
Big Data, Data Mining and Deep Learning
In-Season Nitrogen Management
Precision Agriculture and Global Food Security
Profitability and Success Stories in Precision Agriculture
Precision Dairy and Livestock Management
Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems
Farm Animals Health and Welfare Monitoring
Site-Specific Pasture Management
Geospatial Data
Small Holders and Precision Agriculture
Robotics, Guidance and Automation
Decision Support Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks
Smart Weather for Precision Agriculture
Precision Horticulture
On Farm Experimentation with Site-Specific Technologies
Land Improvement and Conservation Practices
Workshops
Geospatial Data
Drainage Optimization and Variable Rate Irrigation
On Farm Experimentation with Site-Specific Technologies
Decision Support Systems
Proximal and Remote Sensing of Soil and Crop (including Phenotyping)
Robotics, Guidance and Automation
Precision Crop Protection
In-Season Nitrogen Management
Education and Outreach in Precision Agriculture
Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks
Factors Driving Adoption
Precision Horticulture
Land Improvement and Conservation Practices
Smart Weather for Precision Agriculture
Site-Specific Nutrient, Lime and Seed Management
Big Data, Data Mining and Deep Learning
ISPA Community: Economics
Farm Animals Health and Welfare Monitoring
Site-Specific Pasture Management
Profitability and Success Stories in Precision Agriculture
ISPA Community: Latin America
Precision Agriculture and Global Food Security
ISPA Community: Nitrogen
Small Holders and Precision Agriculture
Precision Dairy and Livestock Management
Plenary
Industry Sponsors
Type
Oral
Poster
Year
2014
2018
2022
Home » Year » Results

Year

Filter results656 paper(s) found.

1. GIS Mapping of Soil Compaction and Moisture Distribution for Precision Tillage and Irrigation Management

Soil compaction is one of the forms of physical change of soil structure which has positive and negative effects, in agriculture considered to make soil degradation. The undisciplined use of heavy load traffic or machinery in modern agriculture causes substantial soil compaction, counteracted by soil tillage that loosens the soil. Higher soil bulk densities affect resistance to root penetration, soil pore volume and permeability to air, and thus, finally the pore space habitable... H.P. Jayasuriya, M. Al-wardy, S. Al-adawi, K. Al-hinai

2. Integration of High Resolution Multitemporal Satellite Imagery for Improving Agricultural Crop Classification: a Case Study

Timely and accurate agriculture information is vital for ensuring global food security. Satellite imagery has already been proved as a reliable tool for remote crop mapping. Planet satellite imagery provides high cadence, global satellite coverage with higher temporal and spatial resolution than the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. This study examined the potential of utilizing high-resolution multitemporal imagery along with and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to map the agricultural ... U. Ali, T. Esau, A. Farooque, Q. Zaman

3. Using Airborne Imagery To Monitor Cotton Root Rot Infection Before And After Fungicide Treatment

Cotton root rot, caused by the soilborne fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivore, is a severe soilborne disease that has affected cotton production for over a century. Recent research has shown that a commercial fungicide, flutriafol, has potential for the control of this disease. To effectively and economically control this disease, it is necessary to identify infected areas within the field so that variable rate technology can be used to apply fungicide only to th... C. Yang, G.N. Odvody, R.R. Minzenmayer, R.L. Nichols, T. Isakeit, A. Thomasson

4. #DigitAg France

#DigitAg, the Digital Agriculture Convergence Laboratory, is one of 10 French Convergence Institutes financed by the Investissements d'Avenir (Investment for the Future) program. #DigitAg conducts interdisciplinary research between agronomic sciences, engineering sciences (computer science, mathematics, electronics, physics, etc.) and social and management sciences (economics, sociology, business management), bringing together more than 700 experts in these fields to produce the scientifi... J. Taylor

5. 3-Dimension Reconstruction Of Cactus Using Multispectral Images

Using 3D reconstruction result to investigate plant morphology has been a focus of virtual plant. And multispectral imaging has proved to carried biological infor­mation in quite a lot work. This paper present a idea to investigate chlorophyll spatial variability of cactus using a bunch of multispectral images. 46 multispectral images are taken at equally distributed angles surrounding the tree and have over 80% overlap. Structure from motion approach has been u... F. Liu, Y. He, Y. Zhang, L. Tan, Y. Zhang, L. Jiang

6. 3D Map in the Depth Direction of Field for Precision Agriculture

 By a change in eating habits with economic development and the global population growth, we have been faced with the need for increased food production again. In order to solve the food problem in the future, the introduction of agriculture organization is progressing in emerging countries as well as developed countries. However, the occurrence of natural disasters and abnormal weather, which is becoming a worldwide problem at present, is further weakening the crops of far... H. Umeda, S. Shibusawa, Q. Li, K. Usui, M. Kodaira

7. A Bayesian Network Approach to Wheat Yield Prediction Using Topographic, Soil and Historical Data

Bayesian Network (BN) is the most popular approach for modeling in the agricultural domain. Many successful applications have been reported for crop yield prediction, weed infestation, and crop diseases. BN uses probabilistic relationships between variables of interest and in combination with statistical techniques the data modeling has many advantages. The main advantages are that the relationships between variables can be learned using the model as well as the potential to deal with missing... M. Karampoiki, L. Todman, S. Mahmood, A. Murdoch, D. Paraforos, J. Hammond, E. Ranieri

8. A Case Study Comparing Machine Learning and Vegetation Indices for Assessing Corn Nitrogen Status in an Agricultural Field in Minnesota

Compact hyperspectral sensors compatible with UAV platforms are becoming more readily available. These sensors provide reflectance in narrow spectral bands while covering a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, because of the narrow spectral bands and wide spectral range, hyperspectral data analysis can benefit greatly from data mining and machine learning techniques to leverage its power. In this study, rainfed corn was grown during the 2017 growing season using four nitrogen ... A. Laacouri, T. Nigon, D. Mulla, C. Yang

9. A Comparative Study of Field-Wide Estimation of Soil Moisture Using Compressive Sensing

In precision agriculture, monitoring of soil moisture plays an essential role in correct decision making. In practice, regular mesh installation, or large random deployment of moisture sensors over a large field is not possible due to cost and maintenance prohibitions. Consequently, direct measurement of moisture is possible at only a few points in the field. A value for the moisture may then be estimated for the remaining areas using a variety of algorithms. It is shown that althou... H. Pourshamsaei, A. Nobakhti

10. A Comparison Of Performance Between UAV And Satellite Imagery For N Status Assessment In Corn

A number of platforms are available for the sensing of crop conditions. They vary from proximal (tractor-mounted) to satellites orbiting the Earth. A lot of interest has recently emerged from the access to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones that are able to carry sensors payloads providing data at very high spatial resolution. This study aims at comparing the performance of a UAV and satellite imagery acquired over a corn nitrogen response trial set-up. The nitrogen (N) r... P. Vigneault, N. Tremblay, M.Y. Bouroubi, C. Bélec, E. Fallon

11. A Comparison of Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition Methods for Phenotyping Applications

Currently Phenotyping is primarily performed using two-dimensional imaging techniques. While this yields interesting data about a plant, a lot of information is lost using regular cameras. Since a plant is three-dimensional, the use of dedicated 3D-imaging sensors provides a much more complete insight into the phenotype of the plant. Different methods for 3D-data acquisition are available, each with their inherent advantages and disadvantages. These have to be addressed depending on the parti... O. Scholz, F. Uhrmann, S. Gerth, K. Pieger, J. Claußen

12. A Comprehensive Model for Farmland Quality Evaluation with Multi-source Spatial Information

Farmland quality represents various properties, including two parts of natural influencing factors and social influencing factors. The natural factors and social factors are interrelated and interaction, which determine the developing direction of farmland system. In order to overcome the limitation of subjective factors and fuzzy incompatible information, a more scientific evaluation method of farmland quality should be developed to reflect the essential characteristic of farml... Y. Dong, Y. Wang, X. Song, X. Gu

13. A Comprehensive Stress Index for Evaluating Plant Water Status in Almond Trees

This study evaluated a comprehensive plant water stress index that integrates the canopy temperature and the environmental conditions that can assist in irrigation management. This index—Comprehensive Stress Index (CSI)—is based on the reformulation of the leaf energy balance equation. Specifically, CSI is the ratio of the temperature difference between a dry leaf (i.e. a leaf with a broken stem) and a live leaf (on the same tree) [i.e. Tdry-Tleaf] and the difference between the v... K. Drechsler, I. Kisekka, S. Upadhyaya

14. A Dual Motor Actuator Used To Detach Fruit By Shaking Limbs Of Fruit Trees

Mechanizing the fruit removal operation during fresh-market apple harvesting will result in considerable cost savings for fruit growers. This study introduces a mechanical fruit removal technique that uses a unique limb shaking mechanism called a Dual Motor Actuator (DMA). The DMA was developed as an infinitely variable end-effector that applies rhythmic motions to a fruiting limb to remove fruit. The novelty of the DMA design is the use of two eccentrics mounted to electric mot... M. De kleine, M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, K. Lewis

15. A Five Year Study Of Variable Rate Fertilization In Citrus

Citrus is a major crops in Brazil, especially in the São Paulo state, which is the main citrus production region in the world. Yet, site specific technology is still in early stages of adoption. Variable rate application of inputs is the most important tool in a Precision Agriculture system, however its effect on citrus agronomical aspects are still unknown, especially during long periods of observation. Thus, variable rate fertilizer application has been tested in citrus... J.P. Molin, A.F. Colaço

16. A Framework for Imputation of Missing Parts in UAV Orthomosaics Using Planetscope and Sentinel-2 Data

In recent years, the emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), also known as drones, with high spatial resolution, has broadened the application of remote sensing in agriculture. However, UAV images commonly have specific problems with missing areas due to drone flight restrictions. Data mining techniques for imputing missing data is an activity often demanded in several fields of science. In this context, this research used the same approach to predict missing parts on orthomosaics obtain... F.R. Pereira, A.A. Dos reis, R.G. Freitas, S.R. Oliveira, L.R. Amaral, G.K. Figueiredo, J.F. Antunes, R.A. Lamparelli, E. Moro, N.D. Pereira, P.S. Magalhães

17. A Gap Analysis of Broadband Connectivity and Precision Agriculture Adoption in Southwestern Ontario, Canada

In Southwestern Ontario (Canada), the availability of broadband, or high-speed internet, likely influences the adoption of precision agriculture (PA) technologies and functions of these technologies which enable real-time data sharing between the field and the digital cloud, and back again to the farm-level user. This paper examines the reasons why PA technologies are, or are not adopted, and adoption in relation to varying levels of broadband access. Broadband access is defined here with var... H. Hambly, M. Chowdury

18. A Generative Adversarial Network-based Method for High Fidelity Synthetic Data Augmentation

Digital Agriculture has led to new phenotyping methods that use artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions on image and video data collected from lab, greenhouse, and field environments. The availability of accurately annotated image and video data remains a bottleneck for developing most machine learning and deep learning models. Typically, deep learning models require thousands of unique samples to accurately learn a given task. However, manual annotation of a large dataset will... S. Sridharan, S. Sornapudi, Q. Hu, S. Kumpatla, J. Bier

19. A Hyperlocal Machine Learning Approach to Estimate NDVI from SAR Images for Agricultural Fields

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a key parameter in precision agriculture used globally since the 1970s. The NDVI is sensitive to the biochemical and physiological properties of the crop and is based on the Red (~650 nm) and NIR (~850 nm) spectral bands. It is used as a proxy to monitor crop growth, correlates to the crop coefficient (Kc), leaf area index (LAI), crop cover, and more. Yet, it is susceptible to clouds and other atmospheric conditions which might al... R. Pelta, O. Beeri, T. Shilo, R. Tarshish

20. A Long-Term Precision Agriculture System Maintains Profitability

After two decades of availability of grain yield-mapping technology, long-term trends in field-scale profitability for precision agriculture (PA) systems and conservation practices can now be assessed. Field-scale profitability of a conventional or ‘business-as-usual’ system with an annual corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max [L.]) rotation and annual tillage was assessed for 11 years on a 36-ha field in central Missouri during 1993 to 2003. Following this, a ‘precision a... M.A. Yost, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth, S.T. Drummond, R.E. Massey

21. A Low-tech Approach to Manage Within Field Variability – Toward a Territorial Scale Application

Managing within field variability is promising to achieve European objectives of sustainability in crop production. Technological development has allowed to precisely characterize fields heterogeneity in space and time. However, learnings from low adoption of yield maps in west-European context have highlighted the importance of reliable methods to support decisions. Blackmore et al. designed a delineation method considering yield as an integrative variable that reflects spatial and ... A. Lenoir, B. Vandoorne, B. Dumont

22. A Method For Sampling Scab Spots On Apple Leaves In The Orchard Using Machine Vision

Introduction One of the largest threats in apple orchards is scab. Current procedures involve models based on weather data that predict the likelihood of scab attacks. In case of alarm the orchard is sprayed with preventive pesticides and this typically happens 25-30 times per season. The scab attacks the leaves and stays on fallen leaves that reinfect the trees with rainwater, making it an advantage to include a-priori knowledge on previous... M.G. Bertelsen, K. Nielsen, M.R. Nielsen

23. A Method To Estimate Irrigation Efficiency With Evapotranspiration Data

Irrigation efficiency is defined as the ratio of irrigation water consumed by the crops to the water diverted (Wg) from a river or reservoir or wells. This terminology serves for better irrigation systems designation and irrigation management practices improvement. But it is hard or high cost with labor intensity to estimate irrigation efficiency from field measurement. This paper proposes an estimating method of irrigation efficiency at the scale of irrigat... H. Zeng, B. Wu, N. Yan

24. A Novel Hyperspectral Feature Extraction Algorithm Based On Waveform Resolving For Raisin Classification

Near infrared hyperspectral imaging technology was adopted in the paper to determine the variety of raisins produced in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. There are 2 varieties of raisins taking part in the research and the wavelengths of the hyperspectral images are from 900nm to 1700nm. A novel waveform resolving method was proposed in the paper to reduce the hyperspectral data and extract features. The waveform resolving method compresses the original hyperspectral data for one ... Y. Zhao, X. Xu, Y. Shao, Y. He, Q. Li

25. A Novel Portable System For Improving Accuracy Of Reimbursement For Fruit Picking

Various methods for reimbursing pickers have been employed worldwide, with most fruit growers now paying a piece-rate to small picking teams for bins (e.g. for pome fruit) or for buckets (e.g. for sweet cherries, blueberries).  Regardless, paying piece-rate is beset with inaccuracies that cause significant financial losses. Our tests in commercial sweet cherry and apple orchards revealed variability of 25 – 30% of final weight among bins and buckets. For example, in s... Y.G. Ampatzidis, M.D. Whiting

26. A Passive-RFID Wireless Sensor Node for Precision Agriculture

Accurate soil data is crucial for precision agriculture.  While existing optical methods can correlate soil health to the gasses emitted from the field, in-soil electronic sensors enable real-time measurements of soil conditions at the effective root zone of a crop. Unfortunately, modern soil sensor systems are limited in what signals they can measure and are generally too expensive to reasonably distribute the sensors in the density required for spatially accurate feedback.  In thi... P.J. Goodrich, C. Baumbauer, A.C. Arias

27. A Pilot Study on Monitoring Drinking Behavior in Bucket Fed Dairy Calves Using an Ear-Attached Tri-Axial Accelerometer

Accelerometers support the farmer with collecting information about animal behavior and thus allow a reduction in visual observation time. The milk intake of calves fed by teat-buckets has not been monitored automatically on commercial farms so far, although it is crucial for the calves’ development. This pilot study was based on bucket-fed dairy calves and intended (1) to evaluate the technical feasibility of using an ear-attached accelerometer (SMARTBOW, Smartbow GmbH, Weibern, Austri... L. Roland, L. Lidauer, G. Sattlecker, F. Kickinger, W. Auer, V. Sturm, D. Efrosinin, M. Drillich, M. Iwersen, A. Berger

28. A Portable Instrument For Recognition Of Farm Weeds And Management Of Chemical Spray

With the information technology being popularization and application and farmers’ knowledge level being increase in China, smartphone has been accepted by peasants used as terminal of information collection and query. Recently, because of the serious diseases and insect pests, it is impossible to prevent and control these disasters when we only rely on grassroots staffs’ investigation or professors’ instruction. If each of these farmers distributed in all of the country... S. Jian, W. Xiu, Z.D. Yan

29. A Precision Management Strategy on Soil Mapping

With the experience of field mapping practice during the last decade, a simple conclusion of four-level-field-management strategy was summarized. Level 1 was to describe the spatio-temporal variability of the fields, such as soil mapping and yield/quality mapping, and then to recognize the evidence in the field. Level 2 was to understand why the variability came out with help of farmers’ experience, such as mushing up of the date, memorizing the work history and the environmental condit... S. Shibusawa

30. A Study On Diagnostic System Based On ISOAgLIB For Agricultural Vehicles

  Nowadays the growth of the embedded electronics and communications has demanded the development of applications in agricultural machinery in Korean agroindustry. The root reason is that most of agricultural machineries produced in Korea does not apply international standard. Therefore, the incompatibility problem between hardware, software and data formats has become a major obstacle for exporting agricultural products made by Korea to the world. I... J. Moon, S. Kim, J. Lee, W. Yang, D. Kim

31. A Tool for Monitoring Genetic Selection Differentials in Dairy Herds in Canada

A software tool was developed to allow a dairy producer and/or agricultural advisor to monitor the genetic selection differentials (GSD) that a dairy farm is making. The objectives of this study were (i) to monitor GSD in individual farms, over years, so that producers can be advised as to whether or not they are achieving their selection objectives (and hence optimizing productivity and profitability); (ii) the development of a prototype software tool and visualization model to assist produc... B.A. Hagan, R.I. Cue

32. Accelerating Precision Agriculture to Decision Agriculture: Enabling Digital Agriculture in Australia

For more than two decades, the success of Australia’s agricultural and rural sectors has been supported by the work of the Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs). The RDCs are funded by industry and government. For the first time, all fifteen of Australia’s RDC’s have joined forces with the Australian government to design a solution for the use of big data in Australian agriculture. This is the first known example of a nationwide approach for the digital transfor... J. Trindall, R. Rainbow

33. Active and Passive Sensor Comparison for Variable Rate Nitrogen Determination and Accuracy in Irrigated Corn

The objectives of this research were to (i) compare active and passive crop canopy sensors’ sidedress variable rate nitrogen (VRN) derived from different vegetation indices (VI) and (ii) assess VRN recommendation accuracy of active and passive sensors as compared to the agronomic optimum N rate (AONR) in irrigated corn. This study is comprised of six site-years (SY), conducted in 2015, 2016 and 2017 on different soil types (silt loam, loam and sandy loam) and with a range of preplant-ap... L. Bastos, R.B. Ferguson

34. Active Canopy Sensor-Based Precision Rice Management Strategy for Improving Grain Yield, Nitrogen and Water Use

The objective of this research was to develop an active crop sensor-based precision rice (Oryza sativa L.) management (PRM) strategy to improve rice yield, N and water use efficiencies and evaluate it against farmer’s rice management in Northeast China. Two field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Jiansanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China, involving four treatments and two varieties (Kongyu 131 and Longjing 21). The results indicated that PRM system significantly increased... J. Lu, H. Wang, Y. Miao

35. Active Canopy Sensors for the Detection of Non-Responsive Areas to Nitrogen Application in Wheat

Active canopy sensors offer accurate measurements of crop growth status that have been used in real time to estimate nitrogen (N) requirements. NDVI can be used to determine the absolute amount of fertilizer requirement, or simply to distribute within the field an average rate defined by decision models using other diagnostics. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of active canopy sensors to determine yield and N application requirements within a site at jointing stage (Fee... A.G. Berger, E. Hoffman, N. Fassana, F. Alfonso

36. Active Optical Sensor Algorithms For Corn Yield Prediction And In-Season N Application In North Dakota

A recent series of seventy seven field N rate experiments with corn (Zea mays, L.) in North Dakota was conducted. Multiple regression analysis of the characteristics of the data set indicated that segregating the data into those with high clay soils and those with medium textures increased the relationship between N rate and corn yield. However, the nearly linear positive slope relationship in high clay soils and coarser texture soils with lower yield productivity indic... L. Sharma, H. Bu, R. Ashley, G. Endres, J. Teboh, D.W. Franzen

37. ADAPT: A Rosetta Stone for Agricultural Data

Modern farming requires increasing amounts of data exchange among hardware and software systems. Precision agriculture technologies were meant to enable growers to have information at their fingertips to keep accurate farm records (and calculate production costs), improve decision-making and promote effi­cien­cies in crop management, enable greater traceability, and so forth. The attainment of these goals has been limited by the plethora of proprietary, incompatible data formats among... D.D. Danford, K.J. Nelson, S.T. Rhea, M.W. Stelford, R. Ferreyra, J.A. Wilson, B.E. Craker

38. Adoption Level Of Precision Agriculture For Brazilian Farmers - 2011/12 Crop Year

Although Precision Agriculture (PA) concepts and technologies are widespread in Brazil, its application still little used in some important crop production regions. The purpose of this study was to survey the current adoption level of PA by printed and online questionnaire. We started making a specific questionnaire to farmers and PA service companies using some technology related to PA. The questionnaires were developed based on the methodology of Whipker and Akridge ... E. Borghi, A. Luchiari junior, L. Bortolon, E.S. Bortolon, R.Y. Inamasu, A.C. Bernardi, J.C. Avanzi

39. Adoption Of Precision Agriculture In Sweden – The Case Of Soil Maps

Agriculture is facing great challenges in a world of changing climate and increased responsibility to find sustainable solutions to problems on both a local and a global scale, while agriculture at the same time faces higher costs for many inputs. Making decisions under such complex conditions is a delicate task. Precision agriculture is considered by many people as a tool to improve the efficiency of use of inputs and thereby improve resource utilization and reduction... J. Lindblom, C. Lundström, M. Ljung, A. Jonsson

40. Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technology: A Duration Analysis

Precision agriculture technologies have been available for adoption and utilization at the farm level for several decades. Some technologies have been readily adopted while others were adopted more slowly. An analysis of 621 Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) farmer members provided insights regarding adoption, upgrading, and abandonment of technology. The likelihood that farms adopt specific technology given that other technology had been adop... T.W. Griffin, E.A. Yeager

41. Advances In Automating Individual Plant Care Of Vegetable Crops

Automation of individual crop plant care in commercial vegetable crop fields has increased practical feasibility and improved efficiency and economic benefit if a systems approach is taken in the engineering design to mechanization that incorporates precision planting techniques.  In addition to the optimization in the biological productivity of crop plants when the spatial distribution of crop plants allows their uniform access to nutrients, water and light in an optimum u... M. Pérez ruiz, D.C. Slaughter

42. AgDataBox – API (Application Programming Interface)

E-agricultural is an emerging field focusing in the enhancement of agriculture and rural development through improve in information and data processing. The data-intensive characteristic of these domains is evidenced by the great variety of data to be processed and analyzed. Countrywide estimates rely on maps, spectral images from satellites, and tables with rows for states, regions, municipalities, or farmers. Precision agriculture (PA) relies on maps of within field variability of soil and ... C.L. Bazzi, E.P. Jasse, E.G. Souza, P.S. Magalhães, G.K. Michelon, K. Schenatto, A. Gavioli

43. AgDataBox-IoT Application Development for Agrometeorogical Stations in Smart Farm

Currently, Brazil is one of the world’s largest grain producers and exporters. Brazil produced 125 million tons of soybean in the 2019/2020 growing season, becoming the world’s largest soybean producer in 2020. Brazil’s economic dependence on agribusiness makes investments and research necessary to increase yield and profitability. Agriculture has already entered its 4.0 version, also known as digital agriculture, when the industry has entered the 4.0 era. This new paradigm ... A. Hachisuca, E.G. Souza, E. Mercante, R. Sobjak, D. Ganascini, M. Abdala, I. Mendes, C. Bazzi, M. Rodrigues

44. AgDataBox: Web Platform of Data Integration, Software, and Methodologies for Digital Agriculture

Agriculture is challenging to produce more profitably, with the world population expected to reach some 10 billion people by 2050. Such a challenge can be achieved by adopting precision agriculture and digital agriculture (Agriculture 4.0). Digital agriculture has become a reality with the availability of cheaper and more powerful sensors, actuators and microprocessors, high-bandwidth cellular communication, cloud communication, and Big Data. Digital agriculture enables the flow of informatio... E.G. Souza, C. Bazzi, A. Hachisuca, R. Sobjak, A. Gavioli, N. Betzek, K. Schenatto, E. Mercante, M. Rodrigues, W. Moreira

45. Agribot: Development Of A Mobile Robotic Platform To Support Agricultural Data Collection

Precision Agriculture and agricultural practices that take into account environment protection, leads to several research challenges. Sampling scale and the precision required by these new agricultural practices are often greater than those required by traditional agriculture, raising the costs of production. This whole process requests an expressive number of researches in developing automation instruments. Amongst them, the use of remote sensing techniques based on On-the-Go s... R. Tabile, A. Porto, R. Inamasu, R. Sousa

46. Agricultural Remote Sensing Information for Farmers in Germany

The European Copernicus program delivers optical and radar satellite imagery at a high temporal frequency and at a ground resolution of 10m worldwide with an open data policy. Since July 2017 the satellite constellation of the Sentinel-1 and -2 satellites is fully operational, allowing e.g. coverage of Germany every 1-2 days by radar and every 2-3 days with optical sensors. This huge data source contains a variety of valuable input information for farmers to monitor the in-field variability a... H. Lilienthal, H. Gerighausen, E. Schnug

47. Agricultural Robots Classification Based on Clustering by Features and Function

Robotic systems in agriculture (hereafter referred to as agrobots) have become popular in the last few years. They represent an opportunity to make food production more efficient, especially when coupled with technologies such as the Internet of Things and Big Data. Agrobots bring many advantages in farm operations: they can reduce humane fatigue and work-related accidents. In contrast, their large-scale diffusion is today limited by a lack of clarity and exhaustiveness in the regulatory fram... M. Canavari, M. Medici, G. Rossetti

48. Agricultural Robots: Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities for Adoption

In the next decades, agriculture is to feed a rapidly growing population, while tackling changes in climate, overexploited resources, changes in markets and competition with other sectors. Agriculture is, therefore, expected to move towards a more sustainable intensification. In this context, robotic technologies are aimed to reduce labor, using fewer resources and improving agricultural productivity. There is growing demand and awareness of the potential use of such technologies in the farmi... K. Rial-lovera

49. Agriculture Machine Guidance Systems: Performance Analysis of Professional GNSS Receivers

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) plays nowadays a major role in different civilian activities and is a key technology enabling innovation in different market sectors. For instance, GNSS-enabled solutions are widespread within the Precision Agriculture and, among them, applications in the field of machinery guidance are commonly employed to optimize typical agriculture practices. The scope of this paper is to present the outcomes of the agriculture testing campaign performe... J. Capolicchio, D. Mennuti, I. Milani, M. Fortunato, R. Petix, J. Reyes gonzalez, M. Sunkevic

50. Agronomic Opportunities Highlighted by the Hands Free Hectare and Hands Free Farm Autonomous Farming Projects

With agriculture facing various challenges including population increase, urbanisation and both mitigating and managing climate change, agricultural automation and robotics have long been seen as potential solutions beyond precision farming. The Hands Free Hectare (HFH) and Hands Free Farm (HFF) collaborative projects based at Harper Adams University (HAU) have been developing autonomous farming systems since 2016 and have conducted multiple autonomous field crop production cycles since a wor... K.F. Franklin

51. Agronōmics: Eliciting Food Security from Big Data, Big Ideas and Small Farms

Most farmers globally could make their farms more productive; few are limited by ambient availabilities of light energy and water. Similarly the sustainability of farming practices offers large scope for innovation and improvement. However, conventional ‘top-down’ Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKISs) are commonly failing to maintain significant progress in either productivity or sustainability because multifarious and complex agronomic interactions thwart accurate... R. Sylvester-bradley, D. Kindred, P. Berry

52. AgronomoBot: A Smart Answering Chatbot Applied to Agricultural Sensor Networks

Mobile devices advanced adoption has fostered the creation of various messaging applications providing convenience and practicality in general communication. In this sense, new technologies arise bringing automatic, continuous and intelligent features for communication through messaging applications by using web robots, also called Chatbots. Those are computer programs that simulate a real conversation between humans to answer questions or do tasks, giving the impression that the person is ta... G.M. Mostaço, L.B. Campos, C.E. Cugnasca, I.R. Souza

53. Airborne Active Optical Sensors (AOS) For Photosynthetically-Active Biomass Sensing: Current Status And Future Opportunities

The first published deployment of an active optical reflectance sensor (AOS) in a low-flying aircraft in 2009 catalyzed numerous developments in both sensor development and sensor platform integration. Integral to these sensors is a modulated light source composed of high power LED technology that emits high radiance polychromatic light. The sensor easily mounts to agricultural aircraft and can sense agricultural landscapes at altitudes from a few meters to altitudes exceeding 40 meters ... K.H. Holland, D.W. Lamb

54. Akkerweb: A Platform for Precision Farming Data, Science, and Practice

The concept of precision farming (PF) was formulated about 40 years ago and the scientific knowledge for some applications of PF in The Netherlands has been available for almost 20 years. Also, in many cases equipment is available to implement PF in practice. In spite of all this PF uptake is still limited. An important reason for the limited uptake of PF is in the challenges that must be overcome to let data flow from sensors to data storage, to combine data sources and process them into rec... F.K. Van evert, T. Been, J.A. Booij, C. Kempenaar, G.J. Kessel, L.P. Molendijk

55. An Active Thermography Method for Immature Citrus Fruit Detection

Fast and accurate methods of immature citrus fruit detection are critical to building early yield mapping systems. Previously, machine vision methods based on color images were used in many studies for citrus fruit detection. Despite the high resolutions of most color images, problems such as the color similarity between fruit and leaves, and various illumination conditions prevented those studies from achieving high accuracies. This project explored a novel method for immature citrus fruit d... H. Gan, W.S. Lee, V. Alchanatis, A. Abd-elrahman

56. An Automatic Control Method Research for 9YG-1.2 Large Round Baler

When manual or semi-automatic round baler working, the tractor driver have to frequently manual the machine according to the bale process at the same time of driving. The driver easily feel fatigue in this operating mode for a long time, so the consistency of the bale’s density can not be guaranteed. And there may be wrong operation. In this article, we use the model 9YG-1.2 large round baler as a research prototype. We study the information collection and processing of the baler’... J. Dong, Z. Meng, Y. Cong, A. Zhang, W. Fu, R. Pan, Q. Yang, Y. Shang

57. An Economic Feasibility Assessment for Adoption of Autonomous Field Machinery in Row Crop Production

A multi-faceted whole farm planning model was developed to compare conventional and autonomous machinery for grain crop production.  Results suggested that autonomous machinery could be an economically viable alternative to conventional manned machinery if the establishment of intelligent controls was cost effective.  An increase in net returns of 22% over operating with conventional machinery was found.  This study also identified the break-even investment price for intelligen... J.M. Shockley, C. Dillon

58. An Economic-Theory-Based Approach to Management Zone Delineation

In both the academic and popular literatures on precision agriculture technology, a management zoneis generally defined as an area in a field within which the optimal input application strategy is spatially uniform.  The characteristics commonly chosen to delineate management zones, both in the literature and in commercial practice, are yield and variables associated with yield.  But microeconomic theory makes clear that economically optimal input application strategi... B. Edge

59. An Efficient Data Warehouse for Crop Yield Prediction

Nowadays, precision agriculture combined with modern information and communications technologies, is becoming more common in agricultural activities such as automated irrigation systems, precision planting, variable rate applications of nutrients and pesticides, and agricultural decision support systems. In the latter, crop management data analysis, based on machine learning and data mining, focuses mainly on how to efficiently forecast and improve crop yield. In recent years, raw and semi-pr... V.M. Ngo, N. Le-khac, M. Kechadi

60. An Evaluation Of HJ-CCD Broadband Vegtation Indices For Leaf Chlorophyll Content Estimation

Leaf chlorophyll content is one of the most important biochemical variables for crop physiological status assessment, crop biomass estimation and crop yield prediction in precision agriculture. Vegetation indices were considered effective for chlorophyll content estimation. Although hyperspectral reflectance is proven to be better than multispectral reflectance for leaf chlorophyll content retrieval, the scarcity of available data from satellite hyperspectra... T. Dong, J. Shang, J. Meng, J. Liu

61. An Inexpensive Aerial Platform For Precise Remote Sensing Of Almond And Walnut Canopy Temperature

Current irrigation practices depend largely on imprecise applications of water over fields with varying degrees of heterogeneity. In most cases, the amount of water applied over a given field is determined by the amount the most water-stressed part of the field needs. This equates to over-watering most of the field in order to satisfy the needs of one part of the field. This approach not only wastes resources, but can have a detrimental effect on the value of that crop. A system t... K. Crawford, S. Upadhyaya, R. Dhillon, F. Rojo, J. Roach

62. An IoT-based Smart Real Time Sensing and Control of Heavy Metals to Ensure Optimal Growth of Plants in an Aquaponic Set-up

The concentration of heavy metals that needs to be maintained in aquaponic environments for habitable growth of plants has been a cause of concern for many decades now as it is not possible to eliminate them completely in a commercial set-up. Our goal is to design a cost-effective real-time smart sensing and actuation system in order to control the concentration of heavy metals in aquaponic solutions. Our solution consists of sensing the nutrient concentrations in the aquaponic solution, name... S. Dhal, J. Louis, N. O'sullivan, J. Gumero, M. Soetan, S. Kalafatis, J. Lusher, S. Mahanta

63. An On-farm Experimental Philosophy for Farmer-centric Digital Innovation

In this paper, we review learnings gained from early On-Farm Experiments (OFE) conducted in the broadacre Australian grain industry from the 1990s to the present day. Although the initiative was originally centered around the possibilities of new data and analytics in precision agriculture, we discovered that OFEs could represent a platform for engaging farmers around digital technologies and innovation. Insight from interacting closely with farmers and advisors leads us to argue for a change... S. Cook, M. Lacoste, F. Evans, M. Ridout, M. Gibberd, T. Oberthur

64. Analysis of Soil Properties Predictability Using Different On-the-Go Soil Mapping Systems

Understanding the spatial variability of soil chemical and physical attributes allows for the optimization of the profitability of nutrient and water management for crop development. Considering the advantages and accessibility of various types of multi-sensor platforms capable of acquiring large sensing data pertaining to soil information across a landscape, this study compares data obtained using four common soil mapping systems: 1) topography obtained using a real-time kinematic (RTK) glob... H. Huang, V. Adamchuk, A. Biswas, W. Ji, S. Lauzon

65. Analysis of the Mapping Results Using SoilOptix TM Technology in Chile After Two Seasons

Soil mapping is a key element to successfully implement Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in high value crops.  SoilOptixTM is a mapping service based on the use of gamma radiation technology that arrived in Chile in 2019. Since then, around 2000 ha have been mapped, mainly in fruit orchards and vineyards. The technology has demonstrated its value in determining the most limiting factors in new and old orchards, and the possibility of correcting them in a site-spe... R.A. Ortega, A.F. Ortega, M.C. Orellana

66. Analytical and Technological Advancements for Soybean Quality Mapping and Economic Differentiation

In the past, measuring soybean protein and oil content required the collection of soybean seed samples and laboratory analyses. Modern on-the-go near-infrared (NIR) sensing technologies during the harvest and proximal remote sensing (aerial and satellite imagery) before harvest time can be used to provide an early estimate of seed quality levels, benchmark in-season predictions with at-harvest final seed quality and enable seed differentiation for farmers leading to better marketing strategie... A. Prestholt, C. Hernandez, I. Ciampitti , P. Kyveryga

67. Analyzing Organic Farming Training In The Curriculum Of The University Of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg

  ANALYZING ORGANIC FARMING TRAINING IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, PIETERMARITZBURG      SJ, Polepole * and SH, Worth        Agricultural Extension and Rural Resource Management Program;      University of KwaZulu-Natal; Scho... S.H. Worth, S.J. Polepole

68. Analyzing Trends for Agricultural Decision Support System Using Twitter Data

The trends and reactions of the general public towards global events can be analyzed using data from social platforms, including Twitter. The number of tweets has been reported to help detect variations in communication traffic within subsets like countries, age groups and industries. Similarly, publicly accessible data and (in particular) data from social media about agricultural issues provide a great opportunity for obtaining instantaneous snapshots of farmers’ opinions and a method ... S. Jha, D. Saraswat, M.D. Ward

69. Angular Velocity Meter Application Study In The Agricultural Vehicle Navigation System

In the agricultural vehicle navigation system, most frequently used steering feedback sensors are rotary potentiometer and rotary encoder to measure the wheel angle, and linear potentiometer to measure the stretching length of steering cylinder. In practice, these sensors are usually installed a little troublesomely, and often have relatively low reliability because of the more installation fittings. With the progress of MEMS technical, angular velocity meter achieves higher accuracy whi... J. Hu, L. Gao

70. Application based Wireless Sensor Node for Underground Moisture Sensing for Precision Agriculture

In this paper, we are attempting to examine the WUWSN (wireless underground water sensor node*) for precision agriculture. The development and function of this sensor along with its software application is described in this paper. The equipment is under testing and the laboratory results and interpretations are discussed in this paper. This equipment is based on the new concept of sensing underground soil moisture. The sensor is cost effective sensor and has a lon... S.P. Nayse, A.S. Mohammad

71. Application of a Systems Model to a Spatially Complex Irrigated Agricultural System: A Case Study

Although New Zealand is water-rich, many of the intensively farmed lowland areas suffer frequent summer droughts. Irrigation schemes have been developed to move water from rivers and aquifers to support agricultural production. There is therefore a need to develop tools and recommendations that consider both water dynamics and outcomes in these irrigated cropping systems. A spatial framework for an existing systems model (APSIM Next Generation) was developed that could capture the variability... J. Sharp, C. Hedley

72. Application of Drone Data to Assess Damage Intensity of Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease on Rice Crop in Indonesia

The Government of Indonesia has launched agricultural insurance program since 2016. A key in agricultural insurance is damage assessment which is required to be as precise, quick, quantitative and inexpensive as possible. Current method is to inspect the damage by human eyes of specialist having experiences. This method, however, costs much and is difficult to estimate disease infected fields precisely in wide area. So, there is increasing need to develop effective, simplified and low cost me... C. Hongo, S. Isono, G. Sigit, B. Utoyo, E. Tamura

73. Application Of Hyperspectral Imaging For Rapid And Non-Invasive Quantification Of Quality Of Mulberry Fruit

This study investigated the potential of using hyperspectral imaging working in visible and short-wave near infrared region (380-1030 nm) for rapid and non-invasive determination of the total flavonoid in mulberry fruit. Mulberry fruit with its sweet flavor is widely used in jam, pies, tarts, wines, and liquor, and is a delicacy among humans and birds alike. The quality evaluation of mulberry is usually determined by chemical or sensory analysis. However these methods are not ca... L. Huang, H. Jin, Y. He, F. Liu, Y. Zhou

74. Application Of Infrared Thermography For Assessing Beef Cattle Comfort Using A Fuzzy Logic Classifier

... L.S. Martello, T.F. Canata, R.V. Sousa

75. Application of Routines for Automation of Geostatistical Analysis Procedures and Interpolation of Data by Ordinary Kriging

Ordinary kriging (OK) is one of the most suitable interpolation methods for the construction of thematic maps used in precision agriculture. However, the use of OK is complex. Farmers/agronomists are generally not highly trained to use geostatistical methods to produce soil and plant attribute maps for precision agriculture and thus ensure that best management approaches are used. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop and apply computational routines using procedures and geosta... N.M. Betzek, E.G. Souza, C.L. Bazzi, P.G. Magalhães, A. Gavioli, K. Schenatto, R.W. Dall'agnol

76. Application of Semantic Sensor Web in Agriculture

      In July 2013, heavy rainstorms across the Midwestern region of the US caused many rivers to breach their banks. Residents of Valley Park, a small town along the Meramec River, Missouri, had to decide whether to rely on a newly constructed levee or abandon their homes for higher ground. Although the levee held, many chose the latter option and fled their homes; it was a chaotic situation that might have been avoided through access to better situational knowle... Y. Zhang, T. Chen

77. Application of Variable-Rate Irrigation for Potato Productivity

Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) has the potential to increase yields and reduce water consumption and energy costs. Spatial and temporal variability of soil and field properties can impact the efficiency of irrigation and crop yield. The VRI technology allows for the precise application of irrigation to meet crop water demands in controlled amounts prescribed for specific management zones within a field. Sensitivity to over and under-irrigation and the high-water requirements of potato make th... A. Yari, C. Madramootoo, S.A. Woods, V.I. Adamchuk, L. Gilbert

78. Applications Of Small UAV Systems For Tree And Nursery Inventory Management

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) systems could provide low-cost and high spatial resolution aerial images. These features and ease of operation make it a practical tool for applications in precision agriculture and horticulture. This paper highlights the application of UAV systems in tree counting, which is vital for tree inventory management and yield estimation. In this paper, two types of trees were discussed. One type is with non-uniform canopy area (e.g. container plants and ... Y. She, R. Ehsani, J. Robbins, J. Owen, J.N. Leiva

79. Applying a Bivariate Frequency Ratio Technique for Potato High Yield Susceptibility Mapping

Spatial variation of soil characteristics and vegetation conditions are viewed as the most important indicators of crop yield status. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a crop yield prediction model through spatial autocorrelation between the actual yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop and selected yield status indicators (soil N, EC, pH, texture and vegetation condition), where the vegetation condition was represented by the cumulative normalized difference vegetation index... K. Al-gaadi, A.A. Hassaballa, E. Tola, R. Madugundu, A.G. Kayad

80. Applying Conventional Vegetation Vigor Indices To UAS-Derived Orthomosaics: Issues And Considerations

In recent years, unmanned airborne systems (UAS) have gained a lot of interest for their potential use in precision agriculture. While the imagery from near-infrared (NIR) enabled off-the-shelf cameras included in UAS can be directly used to facilitate crop scouting, the application in quantitative analyses remains cumbersome. The ultimate goal is to calculate (nitrogen) prescription maps from vegetation indices obtained from UAS imagery, but two main issues hamper this workflow: (1) the... J. Quaderer, J. Coonen, A. Lange, K. Pauly

81. Are Thermal Images Adequate For Irrigation Management?

Thermal crop sensing technologies have potential as tools for monitoring and mapping crop water status, improving water use efficiency and precisely managing irrigation. As thermal sensors and imagers became more affordable, various platforms were examined to allow for canopy- and field-scale acquisitions of canopy temperature and to extract maps of water status variability. Various canopy temperature statistics and crop water stress index (CWSI) were used to estimate water stat... O. Rosenberg, V. Alchanatis, Y. Saranga, A. Bosak, Y. Cohen

82. Assessing Definition Of Management Zones Trough Yield Maps

Yield mapping is one of the core tools of precision agriculture, showing the result of combined growing factors. In a series of yield maps collected along seasons it is possible to observe not only the spatial distribution of the productivity but also its spatial consistency among different seasons. This work proposes the study of distinct methods to analyze yield stability in grain crops regarding its potential for defining management zones from a historical sequence of yield maps. Two ... M.T. Eitelwein, J.P. Molin, M. Spekken, R.G. Trevisan

83. Assessing Impact Of Precision On Agricultural Energy Requirements: Weed Control Case Study

The anticipated world population increase demands growth in sustainable food production. The current trend is to use more efficient agricultural processes in order to increase food production. Precision agriculture (PA) technology provides the means to increase equipment productivity and field and input efficiency. The concept of small modular and scalable intelligent machines tries to address the challenge of more productivity with the goal of reduced cost and power. In additio... S. Brian, O.M. Toledo, L. Tang

84. Assessing the Potential of Sentinel-1 in Retrieving Mango Phenology and Investigating Its Relation to Weather in Southern Ghana

The rise in global production of horticultural tree crops over the past few decades is driving technology-based innovation and research to promote productivity and efficiency. Although mango production is on the rise, application of the remote sensing technology is generally limited and the available study on retrieving mango phenology stages specifically, was focused on the application of optical data. We therefore sought to answer the questions; (1) can key phenology stages of mango be retr... B.A. Torgbor, M.M. Rahman, A. Robson, J. Brinkhoff

85. Assessment of Active Crop Canopy Sensor As a Tool for Optimal Nitrogen Management in Dryland Winter Wheat

Optimum nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is important for agronomic, economic, and environmental reasons. Among different N management tools, active crop canopy sensors are a recent and promising tool widely evaluated for use in corn but still under-evaluated for use in winter wheat. The objective of this study was to determine whether vegetation indices derived from in-season active crop canopy sensor data can be used to predict winter wheat grain yield and protein content and subsequentl... D. Ghimire

86. Assessment of Crop Growth Under Modified Center Pivot Irrigation Systems Using Small Unmanned Aerial System Based Imaging Techniques

Irrigation accounts for about 80% consumptive use of water in the Northwest of United States. Even small increases in water use efficiency can improve crop production, yield, and have more water available for alternative uses. Center pivot irrigation systems are widely recognized in the irrigation industry for being one of the most efficient sprinkler systems. In recent years, there has been a shift from high pressure impact sprinklers on the top of center pivots to Mid Elevation Spray Applic... M. Chakraborty, T. Peters, L. Khot

87. Assessment of Goss Wilt Disease Severity Using Machine Learning Techniques Coupled with UAV Imagery

Goss Wilt has become a common disease in corn fields in North Dakota.  It has been one of the most yield-limiting diseases, causing losses of up to 50%. The current method to identify the disease is through visual inspection of the field, which is inefficient, and can be subjective, with misleading results, due to evaluator fatigue. Therefore, developing a reliable, accurate, and automated tool for assessing the severity of Goss's Wilt disease has become a top priority. The use of un... A. Das, P. Flores, Z. Zhang , A. Friskop, J. Mathew

88. Assessment of Red-Edge Based Vegetation Indices Derived from Unmanned Arial Vehicle for Plant Nitrogen Content Estimation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly popular in recent years for agricultural research. High spatial and temporal resolution images obtained with UAVs are ideal for many applications in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of red edge based vegetation indices (VIs) derived from UAV images for quantification of plant nitrogen (N) content of spring wheat, a major cereal crop worldwide. This study was conducted at three locations in Idaho, ... O.S. Walsh, S. Shafian

89. Assessment of the Information Content in Solar Reflective Satellite Measurements with Respect to Crop Growth Model State Variables

To increase the utilization of satellite remote sensing data in precision agriculture, it is necessary to retrieve the most relevant variables from the satellite signals so that the retrievals can be directly utilized by agricultural management entities. The variables that make up the state vector description of existing crop growth models provide inherent relevance to on-farm decision making because they can be used to predict future crop status based on changing farm inputs. In this study, ... N. Levitan, B. Gross

90. Automated Geometrical Field Boundary Delineation Algorithm for Adjacent Job Sites

Establishing farmland geometric boundaries is a critical component of any assistive technology, designed towards the automation of mechanized farming systems. Observing farmland boundaries enables farmers and farm machinery contractors to determine; seed purchase orders, fertiliser application rate, and crop yields. Farmers must supply acreage measurements to regulatory bodies, who will use the geometric data to develop environmental policies and allocate farm subsidies appropriately. Agricu... S.J. Harkin

91. Automated Lag Phase Detection in Wine Grapes

Crop yield estimation, an important managerial tool for vineyard managers, plays a crucial role in planning pre/post-harvest operations to achieve desired yield and improve efficiency of various field operations. Although various technological approaches have been developed in the past for automated yield estimation in wine grapes, challenges such as cost and complexity of the technology, need of higher technical expertise for their operation and insufficient accuracy have caused major concer... P. Upadhyaya, M. Karkee, X. Zhang, S. Kashetri

92. Automated Segmentation and Classification of Land Use from Overhead Imagery

Reliable land cover or habitat maps are an important component of any long-term landscape planning initiatives relying on current and past land use. Particularly in regions where sustainable management of natural resources is a goal, high spatial resolution habitat maps over large areas will give guidance in land-use management. We propose a computational approach to identify habitats based on the automated analysis of overhead imagery. Ultimately, this approach could be used to assist expert... C. Pradalier, A. Richard, V. Perez, R. Van couwenberghe, A. Benbihi, P. Durand

93. Automatic Detection And Mapping Of Irrigation System Failures Using Remotely Sensed Canopy Temperature And Image Processing

Today there is no systematic way to identify and locate failures of irrigation systems mainly because of the labor costs associated with locating the failures. The general aim of this study was to develop an airborne thermal imaging system for semi - automatic monitoring and mapping of irrigation system failures, specifically, of leaks and clogs. Initially, leaks and clogs were simulated by setting controlled trials in table grapes vineyards and olive groves. Airborne ther... V. Alchanatis, Y. Cohen, M. Sprinstin, A. Cohen, I. Zipori, A. Dag, A. Naor

94. Automatic Soil Penetrometer Measurements And GIS-Based Documentation With The Autonomous Field Robot Platform BoniRob

For a sustainable agriculture, reliable measurements of soil properties and its interpretation are of highest relevance. Until today most of the measurements are carried out manually or by integrating off-line laboratories. Moreover, the number and density of measurement points is always an important aspect with respect to the statistical significance of the results. In this work a fully automatic measurement system has been developed and applied for the first time with free sel... M. Göttinger, S. Hinck, K. Möller, A. Ruckelshausen, C. Scholz

95. Autonomous Mapping of Grass-Clover Ratio Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Convolutional Neural Networks

This paper presents a method which can provide support in determining the grass-clover ratio, in grass-clover fields, based on images from an unmanned aerial vehicle. Automated estimation of the grass-clover ratio can serve as a tool for optimizing fertilization of grass-clover fields. A higher clover content gives a higher performance of the cows, when the harvested material is used for fodder, and thereby this has a direct impact on the dairy industry. An android ... D. Larsen, S. Skovsen, K.A. Steen, K. Grooters, O. Green, R.N. Jørgensen, J. Eriksen

96. Autonomous Service Robots For Orchards And Vineyards: 3D Simulation Environment Of Multi Sensor-Based Navigation And Applications

In order to fulfill economical as well as ecological boundary conditions information technologies and sensor are increasingly gaining importance in horticulture.  In combination with the reduced availability of human workers automation technologies thus play a key role in the international competition in vinicultures and orchards and have the potential to reduce the costs as well as environmental impacts.   The authors are working in t... J. Hertzberg, A. Ruckelshausen, E. Wunder, A. Linz

97. Barriers to Adoption of Smart Farming Technologies in Germany

The number of smart farming technologies available on the market is growing rapidly. Recent surveys show that despite extensive research efforts and media coverage, adoption of smart farming technologies is still lower than expected in Germany. Media analysis, a multi stakeholder workshop, and the Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool (ADOPT) (Kuehne et al. 2017) were applied to analyze the underlying adoption barriers that explain the low to moderate adoption levels of smart farming... M. Gandorfer, S. Schleicher, K. Erdle

98. Basic Tests Of pH And EC Probes For Automatic Real Time Nutrient Control In Protected Crop Production

Research on greenhouse and plant factory has been actively conducting to provide a stable growth environment. In plant factory, EC concentration (EC) and acidity (pH) of nutrient have a significant impact on physiological and morphological of plant. Therefore, EC and pH are important element for automatic control of nutrient solution. In this study, performance pH and EC sensors was evaluated for the responsiveness, accuracy and displacement. This study includes development of e... Y. Choo, S. Chung, Y. Huh, Y. Kim, S. Jang, K. Jung

99. Beyond The 4-Rs Of Nutrient Management In Conjunction With A Major Reduction In Tillage

Agribusiness and government agencies have embraced the 4-R concept (right form, rate, time, and place) to improve nutrient management and environmental quality. No-ti... J.S. Schepers, B. Mclure, G. Swanson

100. Biological Soil Mapping - Infesttion By Plasmodiophora Brassicae And Soil Characteristics

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a soilborne pathogen that causes severe yield losses in many Brassica crops. It is a increasing problem in many Brassica growing countries. The spores survive for 15-20 years and might cause significant yield losses (>10%), already when 20% of plant are infected. An infestation with a couple of thousands spores/g soil is considered to have the potential to give such significant losses... C. Aberger, A. Wallenhammar, A. Jonsson

101. Building Proactive Predictive Models With Big Data Technology For Precision Agriculture

In a world with ever increasing shortages of food production due to increasing populations and depletion of resources, the need for new technologies and techniques for sustainable and efficient agriculture with long term financial, environmental and cultural benefits are critical.  An area of scientific study concerning crop-production management called Precision Agriculture (PA) is a concept based on integrating modern information technologies such as Big Data Analytics, G... C. Lai, C. Belsky

102. Calculating the Water Deficit of Apple Orchard by Means of Spatially Resolved Approach

In semi-humid climate, spatially resolved analysis of water deficit was carried out in apple orchard (Malus x domestica 'Pinova'). The meteorological data were recorded daily by a weather station. The apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured at field capacity, and twenty soil samples in 30 cm were gathered for texture, bulk density, and gravimetric soil water content analyses. Furthermore, ten trees were defoliated in different ECa regions in order to estimate the leaf... N. Tsoulias, D. Paraforos, N. Brandes, S. Fountas, M. Zude-sasse

103. Can Optimization Associated with On-Farm Experimentation Using Site-Specific Technologies Improve Producer Management Decisions?

Crop production input decisions have become increasingly difficult due to uncertainty in global markets, input costs, commodity prices, and price premiums. We hypothesize that if producers had better knowledge of market prices, spatial variability in crop response, and weather conditions that drive crop response to inputs, they could more cost-effectively make profit-maximizing input decisions. Understanding the drivers of variability in crop response and designing accompanying management str... B.D. Maxwell, A. Bekkerman, N. Silverman, R. Payn, J. Sheppard, C. Izurieta, P. Davis, P.B. Hegedus

104. Can Topographic Indices Be Used for Irrigation Management Zone Delineation

Soil water movement is affected by soil physical properties and field terrain changes. The identification of within-field areas prone to excess or deficit of soil moisture could support the implementation of variable rate irrigation and adoption of irrigation scheduling strategies. This study evaluated the use of the topographic wetness index (TWI) and topographic position index (TPI) to understand and explain within-field soil moisture variability. Volumetric water content (VWC) collected in... B.V. Ortiz, B.P. Lena, F. morlin , G. Morata, M. Duarte de val, R. Prasad, A. Gamble

105. Can Unreplicated Strip Trials Be Used in Precision On-Farm Experiments?

On-farm experiments are used to evaluate a wide variety of products ranging from pesticide and fertilizer rates to the installation of tile drainage. The experimental design for these experiments is usually replicated strip trials.  Replication of strip trials is used to estimate experimental error, which is the basis for judging statistical significance of treatment effects. Another consideration for using strip trials is greater within-field variability than smaller fields us... G. Hatfield, G. Reicks, E. Carter

106. CANopen Implementation To Wireless Sensor Network

Field buses are widely applied in the control of mobile machines. They enable us to build embedded control systems, where the sensors and actuators are connected to each other by the bus. The most commonly used bus standard for Control Area Network (CAN) between tractors and implements in agriculture and forestry is ISOBUS. Once the number of sensors and actuators increases in the implement side, a combination of ISOBUS and CANopen can be applied. CANopen is a communication prot... R. Virrankoski, M. Madetoja

107. Canopy Parameters in Coffee Orchards Obtained by a Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanner

The application of mobile terrestrial laser scanner (MTLS) has been studied for different tree crops such as citrus, apple, olive, pears and others. Such sensing system is capable of accurately estimating relevant canopy parameters such as volume and can be used for site-specific applications and for high throughput plant phenotyping. Coffee is an important tree crop for Brazil and could benefit from MTLS applications. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to define a field protocol for... F. Hoffmann silva karp, A. Feritas colaço, R. Gonçalves trevisan, J.P. Molin

108. Canopy Temperature Mapping with a Vineyard Robot

The wine industry is a strategic sector in many countries worldwide. High revenues in the wine market typically result in higher investments in specialized equipment, so that producers can introduce disruptive technology for increasing grape production and quality. However, many European producers are approaching retirement age, and therefore the agricultural sector needs a way for attracting young farmers who can assure the smooth transition between generations; digital technology offers an ... V. Saiz-rubio, M. Diago, J. Tardaguila, S. Gutierrez, F. Rovira-más, F. Alves

109. Capturing, Demonstrating And Delivering Value From Integrating Real-Time On-Farm Sensing With External Information Flows

The requirement for significant productivity gains in the agricultural sector is undeniable. Sustainable, viable industries must be capable of consistently producing a margin above the base costs of production. This is particularly challenging for the extensive grazing enterprises in Australia as the operating environment has become increasingly complex, dynamic and challenging and there is a continual and increasing need to demonstrate improved efficiency to the wider community... G. Bishop-hurley, L. Overs, S. Brosnan, A. Krumpholz, D. Henry

110. Changes in Soil Quality when Building Ridges for Fruit Plantation

Many fruit plantations are usually performed in ridges for various reasons including, escaping from a clay horizon, improving overall soil quality and drainage, among others. Normally ridges are built using the surface horizons, producing a mixture of soils layers, and therefore changing the quality of the soil at the rooting zone. We were interested in studying the changes in soil properties when building ridges in a flat alluvial soil that was planted with avocado. A det... H.P. Poblete, R.A. Ortega

111. Changing the Cost of Farming: New Tools for Precision Farming

Accurate prescription maps are essential for effective variable rate fertilizer application.  Grid soil sampling has most frequently been used to develop these prescription maps.  Past research has indicated several technical and economic limitations associated with this approach.  There is a need to keep the number of samples to a minimum while still allowing a reasonable level of map quality.  As can be seen, precision agriculture managemen... P. Nagel, K. Fleming

112. Characterization of Soil Properties, Nutrient Distribution and Rice (Oryza Sativa.) Productivity As Influenced by Tillage Methods in a Typical Gleysols

Global emphasis and interest in conservation Tillage in agricultural soils has tremendously increased in the last few years, especially no tillage with its potential to improve soil physicochemical properties, reduce nutrient leaching as well as improve crop productivity in a more sustainable manner.  Several questions still exist with regard to the true role of no tillage in improving soil fertility. A two year field study was conducted to characterize the effects of different tillage m... F. Issaka, L. Yongtao, L. Jiuhao, M.M. Buri, E. Asenso, A. Sheka kanu, Z. Zhao

113. Climate Change And Sustainable Precision Crop Production With Regard To Maize (Zea Mays L.)

Precision crop production research activities were started during the mid-‘90s at the Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of West Hungary. On the basis of the experiences with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) the impact of climate change on maize yield (three soil types) was investigated until 2100. DSSAT crop growth model is used worldwide. The coupled model intercomparison ... A.J. Kovács, A. Nyéki, G. Milics, M. Neményi

114. Cloud Correction of Sentinel-2 NDVI Using S2cloudless Package

Optical satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is by far the most commonly used vegetation index value for crop monitoring. However, it is quite sensitive to the cloud, and cloud shadows and significantly decreases its usability, especially in agricultural applications. Therefore, an accurate and reliable cloud correction method is mandatory for its effective application. To address this issue, we have developed an approach to correct the NDVI values of each and every... A. Saxena, M. Dash, A.P. Verma

115. Comparative Analysis of Light-weight Deep Learning Architectures for Soybean Yield Estimation Based on Pod Count from Proximal Sensing Data for Mobile and Embedded Vision Applications

Crop yield prediction is an important aspect of farming and food-production. Therefore, estimating yield is important for crop breeders, seed-companies, and farmers to make informed real-time financial decisions. In-field soybean (Glycine max L.(Merr.)) yield estimation can be of great value to plant breeders as they screen thousands of plots to identify better yielding genotypes that ultimately will strengthen national food security. Existing soybean yield estimation too... J.J. Mathew, P.J. Flores, J. Stenger, C. Miranda, Z. Zhang, A.K. Das

116. Comparison and Validation of Different Soil Survey Techniques to Support a Precision Agricultural System

The data need of precision agriculture has resulted in an intensive increase in the number of modern soil survey equipment and methods available for farmers and consultants. In many cases these survey methods cannot provide accurate information under the used environmental conditions. On a 36 hectare experimental field, several methods have been compared to identify the ones which can support the PA system the best. The methods included contact and non contact soil scanning, yield mapping, hi... V. Lang, G. Tóth, S. Csenki, D. Dafnaki

117. Comparison Of Calibration Models Developed For A Visible-Near Infrared Real-Time Soil Sensor

The visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) based real-time soil sensor (RTSS) is found to be a great tool for determining distribution of various soil properties for precision agriculture purposes. However, the developed calibration models applied on the collected spectra for prediction of soil properties were site-specific (local). This is found to be less practical since the RTSS needs to be calibrated separately for every field. General calibration approach is expected to ... S. Shibusawa, M. Kodaira, I. Kana, S.N. Baharom

118. Comparison of Canopy Extraction Methods from UAV Thermal Images for Temperature Mapping: a Case Study from a Peach Orchard

Canopy extraction using thermal images significantly affects temperature mapping and crop water status estimation. This study aimed to compare several canopy extraction methodologies by utilizing a large database of UAV thermal images from a precision irrigation trial in a peach orchard. Canopy extraction using thermal images can be attained by purely statistical analysis (S), a combination of statistical and spatial analyses (SS), or by synchronizing thermal and RGB images, following RGB sta... L. Katz, A. Ben-gal, I. Litaor, A. Naor, A. Peeters, E. Goldshtein, V. Alchanatis, Y. Cohen

119. Comparison of Different Aspatial and Spatial Indicators to Assess Performance of Spatialized Crop Models at Different Within-field Scales

Most current crop models are point-based models, i.e. they simulate agronomic variables on a spatial footprint on which they were initially designed (e.g. plant, field, region scale). To assess their performances, many indicators based on the comparison of estimated vs observed data, can be used such as root mean square error (RMSE) or Willmott index of agreement (D-index) among others. However, shifting model use from a strategic objective to tactical in-season management is becoming a signi... D. Pasquel, S. Roux, B. Tisseyre, J.A. Taylor

120. Comparison Of Management Zones Generated By The K-Means And Fuzzy C-Means Methods

The generation of Management Zones (MZ) is an economic alternative to make viable the precision agriculture (RODRIGUES & ZIMBACK, 2002) because they work as operation units for the inputs localized application and as soil and culture sample indicators. For the field division in... E. Souza, K. Schenatto, F. Rodrigues, D. Rocha, C. Bazzi

121. Comparison of the Performance of Two Vis-NIR Spectrometers in the Prediction of Various Soil Properties

Spectroscopy has shown capabilities of predicting certain soil properties. Hence, it is a promising avenue to complement traditional wet chemistry analysis that is costly and time-consuming. This study focuses on the comparison of two Vis-NIR instruments of different resolution to assess the effect of the resolution on the ability of an instrument to predict various soil properties. In this study, 798 air dried and compressed soil samples representing different agro-climatic conditions across... M. Marmette, V. Adamchuk, J. Nault, S. Tabatabai, R. Cocciardi

122. Comparison Of The Variable Potassium Fertilization On The Light And Heavy Soils

Introduction. Determination of the spatial variability of the nutrient levels in soil facilitated adaptation of the fertilizer doses to the soluble forms availability. Nowadays, an increasing use of this method of the fertilizer application is observed, with this being associated with both economical and environmental advantages, as well as, with growing assortment of the purpose-built agricultural instrumentation. An accurate determination of the spatial distri... P. Grocholski, P. Stepien, G. Kulczycki, A. Michalski

123. Compensating for Soil Moisture Effects in Estimation of Soil Properties by Electrical Conductivity Sensing

Bulk apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) is the most widely used soil sensing modality in precision agriculture. Soil ECa relates to multiple soil properties, including clay content (i.e., texture) and salt content (i.e., salinity). However, calibrations of ECa to soil properties are not temporally stable, due in large part to soil moisture differences between measurement dates. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of temporal soil moisture variatio... K.A. Sudduth, N.R. Kitchen, E.D. Vories, S.T. Drummond

124. Computer Vision Techniques Applied to Natural Scenes Recognition and Autonomous Locomotion of Agricultural Mobile Robots

The use of computer systems in Precision Agriculture (PA) promotes the processes’ automation and its applied tasks, specifically the inspection and analysis of agricultural crops, and guided/autonomous locomotion of mobile robots. In this context, this research aims the application of computer vision techniques for agricultural mobile robot locomotion, settled through an architecture for the acquisition, image processing and analysis, in order to segment, classify and recognize patterns... L.C. Lugli, M.L. Tronco, A.J. Porto

125. Conditioning Factors For Decision-Making Regarding Precision Agriculture Techniques Usage

The eventual goal of using the techniques of precision agriculture (described as inputs applied at varied rates) is to get one of the following results: (a) lowering cost by reducing inputs, (b) decreasing the pollution of water, soil and the atmosphere and (c) increasing agricultural productivity by the more efficient use of inputs. However, studies on these techniques do not reach similar conclusions. This could be expected, since the effectiveness of these techniques would de... H.L. Burnquist, C.C. Costa

126. Constraint of Data Availability on the Predictive Ability of Crop Response Models Developed from On-farm Experimentation

Due to the variability between fields and across years, on-farm experimentation combined with crop response modeling are crucial aspects of decision support systems to make accurate predictions of yield and grain protein content in upcoming years for a given field. To maximize accuracy of models, models fit using environmental covariate and experimental data gathered up to the point that crop responses (yield/grain protein) are fit repeatedly over time until the model can predict future crop ... P. Hegedus, B. Maxwell

127. Control System Applied To No-Till Seeding For High-Quality Operation

A high quality crop seeding operation should enable a rapid and uniform establishment of a desired plant population. Therefore, a no-till seeder must provide a seeding environment that allows the absorption of water by seeds and appropriate temperature and aeration conditions for germination and emergence processes. To stimulate these processes, the seed needs full contact with soil in order to accelerate the absorption of water and oxygen. Covering the furrow with straw is another impor... A.G. Araujo, A.D. Toledo, A.R. Hirakawa, A.L. Johann

128. Corn Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Models Based on Soil Hydrologic Groups Aid in Predicting Economically Optimal Nitrogen Rates

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations that match corn (Zea mays L.) N needs maximize grower profits and minimize water quality consequences. However, spatial and temporal variability makes determining future N requirements difficult. Studies have shown no single soil or weather measurement is consistently increases accuracy, especially when applied over a regional scale, in predicting economically optimal N rate (EONR). Basing site N response on soil hydrological group could help account fo... G.M. Bean, N.R. Kitchen, J.J. Camberato, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, C.A. Laboski, E.D. Nafziger, J.E. Sawyer, P.C. Scharf

129. Correlating Plant Nitrogen Status in Cotton with UAV Based Multispectral Imagery

Cotton is an indeterminate crop; therefore, fertility management has a major impact on the growth pattern and subsequent yield. Remote sensing has become a promising method of assessing in-season cotton N status in recent years with the adoption of reliable low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high-resolution sensors and availability of advanced image processing software into the precision agriculture field. This study was conducted on a UGA Tifton campus farm located in Tifton, GA. The ... W. Porter, D. Daughtry, G. Harris, R. Noland, J. Snider, S. Virk

130. Correlations Between Meteorological Parameters and the Water Loss of Maize from Silking to Harvesting

The University of Debrecen provides outstanding conditions for the development of “Smart Weather for Precision Agriculture” programs. The reliability of research is provided by the Polyfactoral Long-term Field Experiments of Debrecen (hybrid x fertilisation x plant density x tillage x irrigation) established in 1983. Within this research program, it is possible to examine various crop cultures, cultivars and hybrids under changing natural, environmental and weather circu... K.B. Bodnár, J. Nagy, B. Gombos

131. Cotton Boll Detection and Yield Estimation Using UAS Lidar Data and RGB Image

Cotton boll distribution is a critical phenotypic trait that represents the plant's response to its environment. Accurate quantification of boll distribution provides valuable information for breeding cultivars with high yield and fiber quality. Manual methods for boll mapping are time-consuming and labor-intensive. We evaluated the application of Lidar point cloud and RGB image data in boll detection and distribution and yield estimation. Lidar data was acquired at 15 m using a DJI Matri... Z. Lin, W. Guo, N. Gill

132. Cotton Field Relations Of Plant Height To Biomass Accumulation And N-Uptake On Conventional And Narrow Row Systems

Although studied for decades, cotton field management remains a challenge for growers, especially due to spatial variability of soil conditions and crop growth, which demands the use of variable rate application technology (VRT) for nitrogen and growth regulators to improve yields and quality and/or save inputs. Canopy optical reflectance sensors are being studied as an option to detect infield variability but may have some limitations due to the known effect of signal saturation when us... N. . Vilanova jr., J.P. Molin, C. Portz, L.V. Posada, G. Portz, R.G. Trevisan

133. Coupling Machine Learning Algorithms and GIS for Crop Yield Predictions Based on Remote Sensing Imagery and Topographic Indices

In-season yield prediction can support crop management decisions helping farmers achieve their yield goals. The use of remote sensing to predict yield it is an alternative for non-destructive yield assessment but coupling auxiliary data such as topography features could help increase the accuracy of yield estimation. Predictive algorithms that can effectively identify, process and predict yield at field scale base on remote sensing and topography still needed. Machine learning could be an alt... M.F. Oliveira, G.T. Morata, B. Ortiz, R.P. Silva, A. Jimenez

134. Creating Thematic Maps and Management Zones for Agriculture Fields

Thematic maps (TMs) are maps that represent not only the land but also a topic associated with it, and they aim to inform through graphic symbols where a specific geographical phenomenon occurs. Development of TMs is linked to data collection, analysis, interpretation, and representation of the information on a map, facilitating the identification of similarities, and enabling the visualization of spatial correlations. Important issues associated with the creation of TMs are: selection of the... E. Souza, K. Schenatto, C. Bazzi

135. Creation Of Prescription For Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Through Evaluation Of Soil Carbon Amount Using Remotely Sensed Data

    In these years, drastic increase of agricultural production costs has been induced, which was triggered by the sharp rise of costs relating to agricultural production materials such as fertilizers and oil. In Japan, the substantial negative influence is anticipated to spread over to management of the farmers particularly  in Hokkaido, the northern part of Japan. As one of the measures against this influence, a plan of effective fertilizer application and ... E. Tamura, K. Aijima, K. Niwa, O. Nagata, K. Wakabayashi, C. Hongo

136. Crop Circle Sensor-Based Precision Nitrogen Management Strategy For Rice In Northeast China

GreenSeeker (GS) sensor-based precision N management strategy for rice has been developed, significantly improved N fertilizer use efficiency. Crop Circle ACS-470 (CC) active sensor is a new user configurable sensor, with a choice of 6 possible bands. The objectives of this study were to identify important vegetation indices obtained from CC sensor for estimating rice yield potential and rice responsiveness to topdressing N application and evaluate their potential improvements over GS no... Q. Cao, Y. Miao, J. Shen, S. Cheng, R. Khosla, F. Liu

137. Crop Price Variation and Water Saving Technologies in Alborz Province of Iran

Considering the importance and scarcity of water resources, the efficient management of water resources is of great imp,ortance. Adoption of modern irrigation technology is considered to be a key of increasing the efficiency of water used in agriculture. Policy makers have implemented several ways to induce the adoption of new irrigation technology. The empirical studies show that farmers are reluctant to utilize the use of new irrigation methods. This study aims to assess factors affecting o... S. Yazdani, S. Nikravesh, S. Bagheri

138. Data Clustering Tools for Understanding Spatial Heterogeneity in Crop Production by Integrating Proximal Soil Sensing and Remote Sensing Data

Remote sensing (RS) and proximal soil sensing (PSS) technologies offer an advanced array of methods for obtaining soil property information and determining soil variability for precision agriculture. A large amount of data collected using these sensors may provide essential information for precision or site-specific management in a production field. In this paper, we introduced a new clustering technique was introduced and compared with existing clustering tools for determining relatively hom... M. Saifuzzaman, V.I. Adamchuk, H. Huang, W. Ji, N. Rabe, A. Biswas

139. Data Fusion of Imagery from Different Satellites for Global and Daily Crop Monitoring

Satellite-based Crop Monitoring is an important tool for decision making of irrigation, fertilization, crop protection, damage assessment and more. To allow crop monitoring worldwide, on a daily basis, data fusion of images taken by different satellites is required. So far, most researches on data fusion focus on retrospective analysis, while advanced crop monitoring capabilities mandate the use of data in real time mode. Therefore, our project goals were: (1) to build a data-fusion online sy... O. Beeri, R. Pelta, S. Mey-tal, J. Raz

140. Data Power: Understanding the Impacts of Precision Agriculture on Social Relations

Precision agriculture has been greatly promoted for the potential of these technologies to sustainably intensify food production through increasing yields and profits, decreasing the environmental impacts of production, and improving food safety and transparency in the food system through the data collected by precision agriculture technologies.  However, little attention has been given to the potential of these technologies to impact social relations within the agricultural industry.&nb... E. Duncan, E. Fraser

141. Data Sources and Risk Management in Precision Agriculture

The digitalisation of the agricultural economy provides more data about the biological processes and technological solutions used for producing agricultural products than ever before. Paralell to the data collection – aiming to provide information for agricultural decision-making and operations – the data informs the farmers, public administration officers and other players in agriculture about the state of the environment. The strategic planning on operation of farms and data han... G. Milics, P.M. Varga, F. Magyar, I. Balla

142. Data-Driven Agricultural Machinery Activity Anomaly Detection and Classification

In modern agriculture, machinery has become the one of the necessities in providing safe, effective and economical farming operations and logistics. In a typical farming operation, different machines perform different tasks, and sometimes are used together for collaborative work. In such cases, different machines are associated with representative activity patterns, for example, in a harvest scenario, combines move through a field following regular swaths while grain carts follow irregular pa... Y. Wang, A. Balmos, J. Krogmeier, D. Buckmaster

143. Decision Support from On-field Precision Experiments

Empirically driven adaptive management in large-scale commodity crop production has become possible with spatially controlled application and sub-field scale crop monitoring technology. Site-specific experimentation is fundamental to an agroecosystem adaptive management (AAM) framework that results in information for growers to make informed decisions about their practices. Crop production and quality response data from combine harvester mounted sensors and internet available remote sensing d... B.D. Maxwell, P.D. Hegedus, S.D. Loewen, H.D. Duff, J.W. Sheppard, A.D. Peerlinck, G.L. Morales, A. Bekkerman

144. Deep Learning-Based Corn Disease Tracking Using RTK Geolocated UAS Imagery

Deep learning-based solutions for precision agriculture have achieved promising results in recent times. Deep learning has been used to accurately classify different disease types and disease severity estimation as an initial stage for developing robust disease management systems. However, tracking the spread of diseases, identifying disease hot spots within cornfields, and notifying farmers using deep learning and UAS imagery remains a critical research gap. Therefore, in this study, high re... A. Ahmad, V. Aggarwal, D. Saraswat, A. El gamal, G. Johal

145. Delineation of 'Management Classes' Within Non-Irrigated Maize Fields Using Readily Available Reflectance Data and Their Correspondence to Spatial Yield Variation

Maize is grown predominantly for silage or gain in North Island, New Zealand. Precision agriculture allows management of spatially variable paddocks by variably applying crop inputs tailored to distinctive potential-yield limiting areas of the paddock, known as management zones. However, uptake of precision agriculture among in New Zealand maize growers is slow and limited, largely due to lack of data, technical expertise and evidence of financial benefits. Reflectance data of satellite and a... D.C. Ekanayake, J. Owens, A. Werner, A. Holmes

146. Delineation of Site-specific Management Zones with Proximal Data and Multi-spectral Imagery

Many findings suggested that it’s possible to improve the accuracy of delineating site-specific management zones (SSMZs) through a combination of proximal data with remote sensing imagery. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of delineating SSMZs with a wide range of ancillary data (proximal survey and multi-spectral data). The study area is a 22.1acre located 10 miles north of Fort Collins, CO and is known for having a high spatial and temporal variability of soil p... W.A. Yilma, J. Siegfried, R. Khosla

147. Delineation of Site-Specific Nutrient Management Zones to Optimize Rice Production Using Proximal Soil Sensing and Multispectral Imaging

Evaluating nutrient uptake and site-specific nutrient management zones in rice in Costa Rica from plant tissue and soil sampling is expensive because of the time and labor involved.  In this project, a range of measurement techniques were implemented at different vintage points (soil, plant and UAVs) in order to generate and compare nutrient management information.  More precisely, delineation of site-specific nutrient management zones were determined using 1) georeferenced soil/tis... J.E. Villalobos, J.S. Perret, K. Abdalla, C.L. Fuentes, J.C. Rodriguez, W. Novais

148. Delineation of Soil Management Zones: Comparison of Three Proximal Soil Sensor Systems Under Commercial Potato Field in Eastern Canada.

Precision agriculture (PA) involves optimization of seeding, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pesticide use to optimize crop production for the purpose of increasing grower revenue and protecting the environment. Potato crops (Solanum tuberosum L.) are recognized as good candidates for the adoption of PA because of the high cost of inputs. In addition, the sensitivity of potato yield and quality to crop management and environmental conditions makes precision management economicall... A. Cambouris, I. Perron, B. Zebarth, F. Vargas, K. Chokmani, A. Biswas, V. Adamchuk

149. Deriving Fertiliser VRA Calibration Based on Ground Sensing Data from Specific Field Experiments

Nitrogen (N) fertilisation affects both rice yield and quality. In order to improve grain yield while limiting N losses, providing N fertilisers during the critical growth stages is essential. NDRE is considered a reliable crop N status indicator, suitable to drive topdressing N fertilisation in rice. A multi-year experiment on different rice varieties (Gladio, Centauro, and Carnaroli) was conducted between 2011 and 2017 in Castello d’Agogna (PV), northwest Italy, with the aim of i) est... E. Cordero, D. Sacco, B. Moretti, E.F. Miniotti, D. Tenni, G. Beltarre, M. Romani, C. Grignani

150. Design and Analysis of ISO 11783 Task Controller's Functionality in Server - Client ECU for Agricultural Vehicles

A modern agricultural vehicle's electronic control units (ECU) communicated based on the ISO 11783 standards. The connection of different machines, implements, different manufacturers into a single bus for the exchange of control commands and sensor data are a challenge for the precision agriculture. One of main functionality is the Task controller in the intelligent monitoring system. The task controller is to log data and assign set-point values for automated work (task) seque... E. Tumenjargal, E. Batbayar, S. Munkhbayar, S. Tsogt-ochir, M. Oyumaa, K. Chung, W. Ham

151. Design And Construction Of An Ultrasonic Cutting Width Sensor For Full-Feed Type Mid-Sized Multi-Purpose Combines

Precision agriculture analyzes the spatial variability according to the characteristics of an optimum setting of agricultural materials. To raise the profitability of agriculture and to reduce the environmental impact, technological research and development of precision agriculture has been conducted. In Asian countries such as Ja... Y. Huh, S. Chung, Y. Chae, J. Lee, S. Kim, M. Choi, K. Jung

152. Design And Implementation Of Agricultural Sensor Data Of Multiple And Heterogeneous Access Architecture

For the moment, the Internet of things system oriented to the whole industry chain is gradually established in some fields of agriculture; At the same time, traditional management style of agricultural sensor data lack effective sharing mechanism, that can not meet the demand of agricultural network system for the multiple and heterogeneous sensor data. Especially with the growing the demand of agricultural products quality safety supervision system to the monitoring of agricult... T. Chen, D. Chen, J. Dong, S. Jiang

153. Design and Performance Experiment of an Outer Grooved-Wheel Fertilizer Apparatus with the Helical Tooth

Traditional outer groove-wheel fertilizer apparatus (OGWFA) with the straight tooth exists the problem of breakage and pulsation in the fertilizing process. A new type of OGWFA with the helical tooth has been designed to solve this problem, and the amount of fertilizer can be adjusted. The helix angle of the helical tooth has been optimized by theory analysis and DEM simulation. It reveals that the helix angle should be ranged from 34.4° to 68.8°. The performances of the OGWFA with th... D. Jun, X. Junfang, Z. Wangyuan, W. Qiaohua, D. Youchun, S. Caixia, Z. Zhihui

154. Design Of ECU Monitoring System For Agricultural Vehicle Based On ISO 11783

International standard for implementation of electronic control unit (ECU) in agricultural tractors has been requirement for inter-operation compatibility of various agricultural vehicles. The ISO 11783 standard is basically based on  communication technology designated using the controller area network (CAN), it is typical standard technology for implementation of ECU in agricultural vehicle. CAN bus Communication system was developed to the distribution control of ECUs to... W. Yang , S. Kim, J. Moon, D. Kim

155. Design of Ground Surface Sensing Using RADAR

Ground sensing is the key task in harvesting head control system. Real time sensing of field topography under vegetation canopy is very challenging task in wild blueberry cropping system. This paper presents the design of an ultra-wide band RADAR sensing, scanning device to recognize the soil surface level under the canopy structure. Requirements for software and hardware were considered to determine the usability of the ultra-wide band RADAR system.An automated head ... M.M. Mohamed, Q. Zaman, T. Esau, A. Farooque

156. Design, Development And Application Of A Satellite-Based Field Monitoring System To Support Precision Farming

The factual base of precision agriculture (PA) - the spatial and temporal variability of soil and crop factors within or between different fields has been recognized for centuries. Field information on seeding suitability, soil & crop nutrition status and crop mature date is needed to optimize field management. How to acquire the spatially and temporally varied field parameters accurately, efficiently and at affordable cost has always been the focus of the researches in the ... Z. Li, B. Wu, J. Meng

157. Design, Error Characterization And Testing Of A System To Measure Locations Of Fruits In Tree Canopies

Mapping the variability of fruit size and quality within tree canopies in commercial orchards is an important tool for implementing precision horticulture. To do so at a reasonably fast rate requires localization technologies that offer sufficient speed and accuracy, at a range long enough to cover entire trees – or several trees at a time. Existing approaches for measuring fruit locations include: manual (centimeter accuracy and measurement time in the order of minutes pe... S.G. Vougioukas, F.J. Jimenez, F. Khosro anjom, R. Elkins, C. Ingels, R. Arikapudi

158. Designated Value for a Field Polygon Based on Imagery Data: A Case Study of Crop Vigor in Agricultural Application for Irrigation

Any irrigation action for a field management zone, which is based on images, requires a transformation into single value. Since data distribution is ab-normal in an image, using a mean value to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc), an overlaid polygon may not represent properly its water demand. Therefore, this project’s aim was to examine to which extent different statistics of potential designated values will affect an estimated Kc, and consequently affect irrigation practices. ... R. Rud, O. Beeri, S. Mey-tal

159. Detect Estrus in Sows Using a Lidar Sensor and Machine Learning

Accurate estrus detection of sows is labor intensive and is crucial to achieve high farrowing rate. This study aims to develop a method to detect accurate estrus time by monitoring the change in vulvar swollenness around estrus using a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) camera. The measurement accuracy of the LiDAR camera was evaluated in laboratory conditions before it was used in monitoring sows in a swine research facility. In this study, twelve multiparous individually housed sows were c... J. Zhou, Z. Xu

160. Detecting Basal Stem Rot (BSR) Disease at Oil Palm Tree Using Thermal Imaging Technique

Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma boninense is known as the most damaging disease in oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. Ganoderma could reduce the productivity of oil palm plantations and potentially reduce the market value of palm oil in Malaysia. Early disease management of Ganoderma could prevent production losses and reduce the cost of plantation management. This study focuses on identifying the thermal properties of healthy and BSR-infected tree using a thermal ima... S. Bejo, G. Abdol lajis, S. Abd aziz, I. Abu seman, T. Ahamed

161. Detecting Variability in Plant Water Potential with Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery

Irrigation Intelligence is a practice of precise irrigation, with the goal of providing crops with the right amount of water, at the right time, for optimized yield. One of the ways to achieve that, on a global scale, is to utilize Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images, providing together frequent revisit cycles of less than a week, and an adequate resolution for detection of 1 ha plots. Yet, in order to benefit from these advantages, it is necessary to examine the information that can be extracted... O. Beeri, S. May-tal, R. Rud, Y. Raz, R. Pelta

162. Detection and Monitoring the Risk Level for Lameness and Lesions in Dairy Herds by Alternative Machine-Learning Algorithms

Machine-learning methods may play an increasing role in the development of precision agriculture tools to provide predictive insights in dairy farming operations and to routinely monitor the status of dairy cows. In the present study, we explored the use of a machine-learning approach to detect and monitor the welfare status of dairy herds in terms of lameness and lesions based on pre-recorded farm-based records. Animal-based measurements such as lameness and lesions are time-consuming, expen... D. Warner, R. Lacroix, E. Vasseur, D. Lefebvre

163. Detection Of Drainage Failure In Reconstructed Cranberry Soils Using Time Series Analysis

A cranberry farm is often a semi-closed water system, where water is applied by means of irrigation and drained using an artificial drainage system. Cranberry bogs must be drained to the water level inside the surrounding ditches in order to maintain an optimal pore pressure within the root zone, which is important for a number of reasons. First of all, Phytophthara causing root rot are commonly associated with irrigation with contaminated surface water (Oudemans, 1999)... S.J. Gumiere, Y. Périard, J. Caron, D.W. Hallema, J.A. Lafond

164. Detection Of Fruit In Canopy Night-Time Images: Two Case Studies With Apple And Mango

Reliable estimation of the expected yield remains a major challenge in orchards. In a recent work we reported the development of an algorithm for estimating the number of fruits in images of apple trees acquired in natural daylight conditions. In the present work we tested this approach with night-time images of similar apple trees and further adapted this approach to night-time images of mango trees. Working with the apple images required on... R. Linker, A. Payne, K. Walsh, O. Cohen

165. Detection Of Fruit Tree Water Status In Orchards From Remote Sensing Thermal Imagery

In deciduous fruit trees there is a growing need of using water status indicators for scheduling irrigation and adopt regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies taking into account spatial variability of orchards. RDI strategies have been successfully adopted for many fruit trees as a means for reducing water use and because yield and quality at harvest are not sensitive to water stress at some developmental stages. Although water status is generally monitored by measuring tr... P.J. Zarco-tejada, V. Gonzalez-dugo, J. Girona, E. Fereres, J. Bellvert

166. Detection Of Nitrogen Deficiency In Potatoes Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

  Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) are recognized as potentially important remote-sensing platforms for precision agriculture. A nitrogen rate experiment was established in 2013 with ‘Ranger Russet’ potatoes by applying four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (112, 224, 337, and 449 kg N/ha) in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. A Tetracam Hawkeye sUAS and Agricultural Digital Camera Lite sensor were used to collect imagery with near-infra... D.A. Horneck, D.J. Gadler, A.E. Bruce, R.W. Turner, C.B. Spinelli, J.J. Brungardt, P.B. Hamm, E. Hunt

167. Determining the Marginal Value of Extra Precision in Precision Grazing Systems – an Ex Ante Analysis of Impacts on System Productivity, Sustainability and Economics

The development of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies for application in grazing systems is rapidly evolving. PLF technologies that facilitate the spatial and temporal management of variability in landscapes, pastures and animals promise to improve the efficiency, profitability and sustainability of livestock farming. However, such technologies as a complete package do not yet exist in grazing systems and the question of impacts at the farm system level remains unresolved. Other p... K. Behrendt, T. Takahashi, M.S. Rutter

168. Developing A High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation And Forecast System For Agricultural Decision Support

Technological advances in weather and climate forecasting and land surface and hydrology modeling have led to an increased ability to predict soil temperature, and soil moisture, near-surface weather elements. These variables are critical building blocks to the development of high-level agriculture-specific models such as pest models and crop yield models. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) has developed a high-resolution agriculture-oriented land-data assimilat... W. Mahoney, M. Barlage, D. Gochis, F. Chen

169. Developing a Machine Learning and Proximal Sensing-based In-season Site-specific Nitrogen Management Strategy for Corn in the US Midwest

Effective in-season site-specific nitrogen (N) management strategies are urgently needed to ensure both food security and sustainable agricultural development. Different active canopy sensor-based precision N management strategies have been developed and evaluated in different parts of the world. Recent studies evaluating several sensor-based N recommendation algorithms across the US Midwest indicated that these locally developed algorithms generally did not perform well when used broadly acr... D. Li, Y. Miao, .G. Fernández, N.R. Kitchen, C. . Ransom, G.M. Bean, .E. Sawyer, J.J. Camberato, .R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, D.W. Franzen, D.W. Franzen, D.W. Franzen, D.W. Franzen, C.A. Laboski, E.D. Nafziger, J.F. Shanahan

170. Developing a neural-network model for detecting Aflatoxin hotspots in peanut fields

Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic toxin produced by a soilborne fungi, called Aspergillus flavus, causing a difficult struggle for the peanut industry in terms of produce quality, price and the range of selling market. This study aims to develop a successful U-Net CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) model, a reliable image segmentation method, that will help in distinguishing high probability zones of occurrence of Aflatoxin in peanut fields using remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery. The research ... S. Kukal, G. Vellidis

171. Developing an Integrated Approach for Estimation of Soil Available Nutrient Content Using the Modified WOFOST Model and Time-Series Multispectral UAV Observations

Soil available nutrient (SAN) plays an important role in crop growth, yield formation, and plant-soil-atmosphere system exchange. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are recognized as three primary nutrients in crop production. Accurate and timely information on SAN conditions at key crop growth stages is important for developing beneficial management practices. While traditional field sampling can obtain reliable information for limited number of sites, it is infeasible for spatia... Z. Cheng, J. Meng, J. Shang, J. Liu, B. Qian, Q. Jing

172. Developing Empirical Method to Estimate Phosphorous in Potato Plants Using Spectroscopy-based Approach

Application of non-destructive sensors opens a promising opportunity to provide efficient information on nutrient contents based on leaf or canopy reflectance in different crops. In potatoes, nutrient levels are estimated by conducting chemical tests for the petioles. In thinking of deploying sensors for potato nutrient estimation, it is necessary to study the spectrum based on petiole chemical testing rather than leaf chemical testing. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether there is a... R. Abukmeil, A. Almallahi

173. Development And Evaluation Of A Leaf Monitoring System For Continuous Measurement Of Plant Water Status In Almond And Walnut Crops

Abstract: Leaf temperature measurements using handheld infrared thermometers have been used to predict plant water stress by calculating crop water stress index (CWSI). However, for CWSI calculations it is recommended to measure canopy temperature of trees under saturated, stressed and current conditions simultaneously, which is not very practical while using handheld units. An inexpensive, easy to use sensing system was developed to predict plant water status for tree crops by ... F. Rojo, J. Roach, R. Coates, S. Upadhyaya, M. Delwiche, C. Han, R. Dhillon

174. Development of a Granular Herbicide Spot Applicator for Management of Hair Fescue (Festuca Filiformis) in Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium Angustifolium)

Hair fescue has quickly become the pest of greatest concern for the wild blueberry industry. This is largely due to its ability to outcompete wild blueberry for critical resources including water, nutrients and most importantly space. In Nova Scotia, between 2001 and 2019, hair fescue had increased in field frequency from 7% to 68% and in field uniformity from 1.4% to 25%. This rapidly spreading and economically destructive weed is likewise a significant challenge to manage, with only a s... C. Maceachern, T. Esau, Q. Zaman

175. Development of a Graphical User Interface for Spinner-Disc Spreader Calibration and Spread Uniformity Assessment

Broadcast fertilizer distribution through spinner-disc spreaders remain the most cost-effective, and least time consuming process to apply the needed soil amendments for the next crop. Spreaders currently available to producers enable them to apply a variety of granular products at varying rates, blends, and swath widths. In order to uniformly apply granular fertilizer or lime, the spreader should be calibrated by standard pan testing with any change in spreader settings, application rate, or... R. Colley iii, Y. Lin, J. Fulton, S. Shearer

176. Development of a High Resolution Soil Moisture for Precision Agriculture in India

Soil moisture and temperature are key inputs to several precision agricultural applications such as irrigation scheduling, identifying crop health, pest and disease prediction, yield and acreage estimation, etc.  The existing remote sensing satellites based soil moisture products such as SMAP are of coarse resolution and physics based land surface model such as NLDAS, GLDAS are of coarse resolution as well as not available for real time applications.  Keeping this in focus, we are d... K. Das, J. Singh, J. Hazra

177. Development of a Machine Vision Yield Monitor for Shallot Onion Harvesters

Crop yield estimation and mapping are important tools that can help growers efficiently use their available resources and have access to detailed representations of their farm. Technical advancements in computer vision have improved the detection, quality assessment and yield estimation processes for crops, including apples, citrus, mangoes, maize, figs and many other fruits. However, similar methods capable of exporting a detailed yield map for vegetable crops have not yet been fully develop... A.A. Boatswain jacques, V.I. Adamchuk, G. Cloutier, J.J. Clark, C. Miller

178. Development of a Manual Soil Sensing System for Measuring Multiple Chemical Soil Properties in the Field

Variable Rate Fertilizer Application (VRA) requires the input of soil chemical data. One of the preferred methods for analyzing soil chemical properties in the field is by using Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs). To accommodate portability in soil measurements, a manual soil sampling system was developed. Nitrate, Phosphate and pH ISEs were integrated to provide a general outlook on the condition of essential soil nutrients. These ISEs were placed on a modified hand-held soil sampler equip... E. Leksono, V. Adamchuk, J. Whalen, R. Buelvas

179. Development of a Small Tracking Device for Cattle Using IoT Technology

The US is the largest producer of beef in the world. Last year alone, it produces nearly 19% of the world’s beef.  This translate to about almost $90 billion in economic impact in the country. Aside from being a producer, the US also consumed more than 26 billion pounds of beef which have a retail value of the entire beef industry to more than $74B. For this level of production and consumption, each rancher in the US must produce a herd size of at least 100 or more to sustain the c... J.M. Maja, A.K. Blocker, E.G. Stuckey, S.G. Sell, G. Tuttle, J. Mueller, J. Andrae

180. Development of a Soil ECa Inversion Algorithm for Topsoil Depth Characterization

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) proximal soil sensor systems can deliver rapid information about soil. One such example is the DUALEM-21S (Dualem, Inc. Milton, Ontario, Canada). EMI sensors measure soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) corresponding to different depth of investigation depending on the instrument configuration. The interpretation of the ECa measurements is not straightforward and it is often site-specific. Inversion is required to explore specific depths. This inversion ... E. Leksono, V. Adamchuk, W. Ji, M. Leclerc

181. Development of a Wireless Sensor Network for Passive in situ Measurement of Soil CO2 Gas Emissions in the Agriculture Landscape

Quantification of soil Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural fields is essential for understanding the environmental impact of intensive crop and livestock production systems. Current methods of analysis include flux calculations derived from the concentration of gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) exchanged between soil and the atmosphere. Samples of these GHG are obtained manually by closed non-steady state non-flow through,or “static”, chambers and analyzed ex situvia ga... V. Adamchuk, M. Debbagh, C. Madramootoo, J. Whalen

182. Development Of An Enterprise Level Precision Agriculture System

Development of an Enterprise Level Precision Agriculture System   James Ellingson, Chih Lai University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN USA elli4729@stthomas.edu;   Abstract – In this paper, a plan for the development of an Enterprise Level system for Precision Agriculture (PA) is described. The ... J.L. Ellingson, B.K. Holub, S.E. Morgan, B.K. Werkmeister

183. Development Of An Hydraulic Penetrometer Data Acquisition Software

Currently , in addition to increased production , the costs reduction are focused in order to increase efficiency in production, so the modern agriculture intent to find planting methods which extract the maximum possible data about the used area for making possible to do this preparation in the most appropriate manner, considering the shortcomings of evaluating these data. This method is contained in the concepts of an agricultural practice that has been steadily growing,  ... I. Marasca, D.P. Casiero, S.P. Guerra, K.P. Lanças, E.R. Spadim

184. Development Of An Index-Based Insurance Product: Validation Of A Forage Production Index Derived From Medium Spatial Resolution fCover Time Series

An index-based insurance solution is developed by Pacifica Crédit Agricole Assurances and Astrium GEO-Information to estimate and monitor the near real-time forage production in France. In this system, payouts are indexed on an indicator, called Forage Production Index (FPI), calculated using a biophysical characterization of the grassland from medium spatial resolution remote sensing time series. We used the Fraction of green Vegetation Cover (fCover) integral ... A. Jacquin, G. Sigel, O. Hagolle, B. Lepoivre, A. Roumiguié, H. Poilvé

185. Development Of An On-The-Spot Analyzer For Measuring Soil Chemical Properties

Proximal soil sensing (PSS) is a growing area of research and development focusing on the use of sensors to obtain information on the physical, chemical and biological attributes of soil when they are placed in contact with, or at a distance of less than 2 m, from the target. These sensor systems have been used to 1) make measurements at specific locations, 2) produce a set of measurements related to soil depth profiles, or 3) monitor changes in soil properties over time. In eac... V.I. Adamchuk, N. Dhawale, F. Rene-laforest

186. Development of an Online Decision-Support Infrastructure for Optimized Fertilizer Management

Determination of an optimum fertilizer application rate involves various influential factors, such as past management, soil characteristics, weather, commodity prices, cost of input materials and risk preference. Spatial and temporal variations in these factors constitute sources of uncertainties in selecting the most profitableapplication rate. Therefore, a decision support system (DSS) that could help to minimize production risks in the context of uncertain crop performance is needed. ... S. Shinde, V. Adamchuk, R. Lacroix, N. Tremblay, Y. Bouroubi

187. Development of an Overhead Optical Yield Monitor for a Sugarcane Harvester in Louisiana

A yield monitor is a device used to measure harvested crop weight per unit area for a specific location within a field.  The device documents yield variability in harvested fields and ultimately can be used to create a geographical-referenced yield map. Yield maps can be used to identify low yielding areas where poor soil fertility, disease, or pests may adversely affect yield.  Management practices can then be adjusted to correct these issues, resulting in an increase in yields and... R.R. Price, R.M. Johnson, R.P. Viator

188. Development of Farmland-Terrain Simulation System for Consistency of Seeding Depth

A farmland-terrain simulation system suitable for rugged topography was designed to study the irregularities of farmland surface morphology led by both topographic fluctuation and terrain tilt. The system consists of terrain simulation mechanism, hydraulic system, control system, etc. The terrain simulation mechanism is connected to the rack through hydraulic cylinder to simulate farmland surface fluctuation. The hydraulic system controls the hydraulic cylinder to drive the terrain simulation... W. Fu, J. Dong, Y. Cong, N. Gao, Y. Li, Z. Meng

189. Development Of Online Soil Profile Sensor For Variable Depth Tillage

Introduction First introduced in the early 1990s, precision agriculture technologies, or site-specific management, were considered by many to be perhaps the most significant development in production agriculture focused on improving farm profitability. The initial focus was on fertility, and treating the variability that we all knew existed from our experiences with soil sampling. However, to a large extent this application stil... A.B. Tekin, H. Yalcin

190. Development Of Variable Rate System For Soil Disinfection Based On Injection Technique

Abstract:  A variable rate system injection of soil pesticide was developed for control of soil pesticide amount by PWM. The paper analyzes the input and output conditions of control system, and designed hardware, algorithm and control of soil pesticide, mainly software flow and a feedback control way. In the paper, the variable-rate control system consisted of time delay, interface module, micro controller, speed sensor, PWM valve, and hyd... W. Ma, X. Wang

191. Diagnosis of Grapevine Nutrient Content Using Proximal Hyperspectral Imaging

Nutrient deficiencies on grapevines could affect the fruit yield and quality, which is a major concern in vineyards. Nutrient deficiencies may be recognizable by foliar symptoms that vary by mineral nutrient and stress severity, but it is too late to manage when visible deficiency symptoms become apparent. The nutrient analysis in the laboratory is the way to get an accurate result, but it is time and cost-intensive. The differences in leaf nutrient levels also alter spectral characteristics ... C. Kang, M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, N. Shcherbatyuk, P. Davadant, M. Keller

192. Diagnosis Of Sclerotinia Infected Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus L) Using Hyperspectral Imaging And Chemomtrics

 Abstract: Brassica napus L leaf diseases could cause seriously reduction in crop yield and quality. Early diagnosis of Brassica napus L leaf diseases plays a vital role in Brassica napus L growth. To explore an effective methodology for diagnosis of Sclerotinia infected Brassica napus L plants, healthy Brassica napus L leaves and Brassica napus L leaves infected by Sclerotinia were prepared in a controlled circumstance. A visible/short-wave near infrared hyperspect... N. Chen, F. Liu, L. Jiang, L. Feng, Y. He, Y. Bao

193. Digital Soil Sensing and Mapping for Crop Suitability

Soil, central to any land-based production system, determines the success of any crops. While soil for a farm or field is fixed, the crops can be selected to best fit the soil’s capability and production. Traditionally crops are selected based on farm history, knowledge, and years of trial and error to tailor the right crop to the right soil. Inherent challenges associated with this make the whole process unsustainable. Due to the consistent nature of the information collected, soil sen... D. Saurette, A. Biswas, T.B. Gobezie

194. Digital Transformation of Canadian Agri-Food

Agriculture in Canada is on the cusp of a dramatic revolution as a result of the digital transformation of the industry driven by the emergence of tools such as Precision Agri-Food Technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT, a network of interconnected physical devices capable of connecting to the internet). With the expected exponential growth of data from the application of innovative technologies such as IoT by the Canadian Agri-Food industry, Canada has the potential to gain valuable in... K.J. Hand

195. Disease Scouting For Aerial Blight Based On Logical Areas Of Collection In Soybean Fields Rotated With Rice

Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA causes sheath blight in rice and aerial blight in soybean.  In Arkansas, rice and soybean rotations facilitate a continuous source of R. solani AG1-IA inoculum from one year to the next.    Aerial blight is a two stage disease where colonization of the plant occurs during the early vegetative growth stages and aerial blight symptoms occur during the reproductive growth stages after canopy closure.  At canopy cl... C.S. Rothrock, W.S. Monfort, T.W. Griffin, T.N. Spurlock

196. Does Nitrogen Balance Surplus Done At Field Level Help To Assess Environmental Effects Of Variable Nitrogen Application In Winter Wheat?

Increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is important as a specific consideration to decrease negative impacts of nitrogen (N) on the environment and provide better crop quality. Therefore, in many European countries N is used with restrictions due to UE regulations, set to increase NUE. This is particularly important in wheat production because this crop in EU accounts for 48% of cereal production and uses about 25% of total N-fertilizer applied. One of the methods applied to increase NU... S.M. Samborski

197. Draft Privacy Guidelines and Proposal Outline to Create a Field-Scale Trial Data Repository for Data Collected by On-Farm Networks

Implementing better management practices in corn and soybeans that increase profitability and reduce pollution caused by the practices requires large numbers of field-scale, replicated trials. Numerous complex and often unmeasurable interactions among the environment, genetics and management at the field scale require large numbers of trials completed at the field scale in a systematic and uniform manner to enable calculation of probabilities that a practice will be an improvement compared wi... T. Morris, N. Tremblay

198. DTE – A Method Which Integrates Statistical Analysis With Economic Evaluation In Large Area Of Type 23 Experiments.

Plant production is governed by certain, well-defined cultivation recommendations, especially important when quality standards imposed by contract agreements are to be met. Due to technical and economic conditions, a farmer is not always able to adhere to such recommendations in practice, but at the same time changes on the farm produce market (progress in plant breeding and mechanization of field work, new agrochemicals, effective microorganisms, etc) enforce producers to eithe... A. Imiolek, M. Imiolek

199. Dynamic Feeding Intake Monitoring in Growing-Finishing Pigs Reared Under Precision Feeding Strategies

Pigs exposed to challenges with no prior experience change their daily feeding intake pattern. A method identifying deviations from normal feeding patterns could be used to develop a model framework to estimate individual nutrient requirements of challenged pigs fed with precision feeding systems. The objective of this study was to develop a tool for early identification of feed intake deviations in precision fed growing-finishing pigs. Feed intake measurements collected during 84 d in 126 gr... L. Hauschild, A.R. Kristensen, I. Andretta, C. Pomar, A. Remus

200. Ear-Attached Accelerometer as an On-Farm Device to Predict the Onset of Calving in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study on an ear-attached accelerometer in dairy cows was (1) to determine activity, rumination and lying time of the dams prior to calving, and include group level of measured variables (2) use the data to develop an algorithm to predict calving and (3) to test the performance of this algorithm. Video observations (24h/d) were used as reference for these events. Four weeks before expected calving, an ear-tag integrated tri-axial accelerometer (SMARTBOW system) was attach... S. Krieger, M. Oczak, L. Lidauer, F. Kickinger, M. Öhlschuster, W. Auer, M. Drillich, M. Iwersen, A. Berger

201. EarthScout, GBC

EarthScout is a precision remote sensor technology that provides farmers and researchers with reliable data in real time, straight from your field to your desktop and mobile devices. In season data allows users to access current conditions for smarter decision making in irrigation and nitrogen management. EarthScout is a crop agnostic tool that is used in any soil type and climate. Our plug and play field sensors need no calibration and set up only takes about 5 minutes. There are no data sub... S. Wieland, A. Kelley

202. Ecological Refugia As a Precision Conservation Practice in Agricultural Systems

Current global agriculture fails to meet the basic food needs of 687.7 million people. At the same time, our food system is responsible for catastrophic losses of biodiversity. Precision conservation solutions offer the potential to benefit both production systems and natural systems. Transforming low-producing areas on farm fields into ecological refugia may provide small-scale habitat and ecosystem services in fragmented agricultural landscapes. We collaborated with three precision agricult... H. Duff, B. Maxwell

203. Economic and Environmental Impacts in Sugarcane Production to Meet the Brazilian Ethanol Demands by 2030: The Role of Precision Agriculture

The agreement signed at COP-21 reaffirms the vital compromise of Brazil with sugarcane and ethanol production. To meet the established targets, the ethanol production should be 54 billion liters in 2030. From the agronomic standpoint, two alternatives are possible; increase the planted area and/or agricultural yield. The present study aimed to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts in sugarcane production meeting the established targets in São Paulo state. In this context, wer... G.M. Sanches, T.F. Cardoso, M.F. Chagas, A.C. Luciano, D.G. Duft, P.S. Magalhães, H.C. Franco, A. Bonomi

204. Economic Evaluation of Automatic Heat Detection Systems in Dairy Farming

Although heat detection makes a relevant contribution to good reproduction performance of dairy cattle, available studies on the economic evaluations of automatic heat detection systems are limited. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide an economic evaluation of using automatic heat detection. The effect of different heat detection rates on gross margin is modelled with SimHerd (SimHerd A/S, Denmark). The analysis considers all additional investment costs in automatic heat de... J. Pfeiffer, M. Gandorfer, J.F. Ettema

205. Economic Potential of IPMwise – a Generic Decision Support System for Integrated Weed Management in 4 Countries

Reducing use and dependency on pesticides in Denmark has been driven by political action plans since the 1980ies, and a series of nationally funded accompanying R&D programs were completed in the period 1989-2006. One result of these programs was a decision support system (DSS) for integrated weed management. The 4th generation (2016) of the agro-biological models and IT-tools in this DSS, named IPMwise. The concept of IPMwise is to systematically exploit that: ... P. Rydahl, O. Boejer, K. Torresen, J.M. Montull, A. Taberner, H. Bückmann, A. Verschwele

206. Economic Potential of RoboWeedMaps - Use of Deep Learning for Production of Weed Maps and Herbicide Application Maps

In Denmark, a new IPM ‘product chain’ has been constructed, which starts with systematic photographing of fields and ends up with field- or site-specific herbicide application. A special high-speed camera, mounted on an ATV took sufficiently good pictures of small weed plants, while driving up to 50 km/h. Pictures were uploaded to the RoboWeedMaps online platform, where appointed internal- and external persons with agro-botanical experience executed ‘virtual field ... P. Rydahl, O. Boejer, N. Jensen, B. Hartmann, R. Jorgensen, M. Soerensen, P. Andersen, L. Paz, M.B. Nielsen

207. Economically Optimized Site Specific Nitrogen Application Using Data Mining Tools

Agricultural production in terms of economic and environmental demand requires increasingly efficient utilization of resources. Excessive use of nutrients may cause leaching, whereas deficits could lead to impediments in tapping full yield potential. Due to heterogeneity of fields, small-scale application of fertilizer provides means to encounter challenges that could arise and to improve resource efficiency. As part of an ongoing research project, we have investigated the abilit... P. Wagner, B. Burges

208. Economics of Field Size for Autonomous Crop Machines

Field size constrains spatial and temporal management of agriculture with implications for farm profitability, field biodiversity and environmental performance. Large, conventional equipment struggles to farm small, irregularly shaped fields efficiently. The study hypothesized that autonomous crop machines would make it possible to farm small non-rectangular fields profitably, thereby preserving field biodiversity and other environmental benefits. Using the experience of the Hands Free Hectar... A. Al amin, J. Lowenberg‑deboer, K. Franklin, K. Behrendt

209. Economics Of Site Specific Liming - Comparison Of On-The-Go And Grid-Based Soil Sampling To Determine The Soil pH

An important base for adequate liming is the recording of the soil pH. Several studies indicated a large heterogeneity of soil pH within fields. Recently technological improvements facilitate an on-the-go determination of the soil pH in a much higher sampling density compared to the conventional, time consuming and costly laboratory method. The “Veris soil pH sensor” allows georeferenced on-the-go mapping of the soil pH. But the “Veris soil pH sensor” and... T. Leithold, P. Wagner

210. Economics of Swarm Bot Profitability for Cotton Harvest

Improved equipment management is one way which producers can increase profits. For cotton, this is especially true due to specialized equipment used for the sole purpose of harvest. Questions are raised regarding a way to either reduce or replace traditional cotton pickers. The main alternative being discussed is an investment in autonomous “swarm bots” to replace traditional equipment. Swarm bots are fully automated robots tasked with the responsibility of picking cotton one row ... J. Cullop, T.W. Griffin, G. Ibendahl, E. Barnes, J. Shockley, J. Devine

211. Effect Of A Variable Rate Irrigation Strategy On The Variability Of Crop Production In Wine Grapes In California

Pruning and irrigation are the cultural practices with the highest potential impact on yield and quality in wine grapes. In particular, irrigation start date, rates and frequency can be synchronized with crop development stages to control canopy growth and, in turn, positively influence light microclimate, berry size and fruit quality. In addition, canopy management practices can be implemented in vineyards with large canopies to ensure fruit zone microclima... L.A. Sanchez, L.J. Klein, A. Claassen, D. Lew, M. Mendez-costabel, B. Sams, A. Morgan, N. Hinds, H.F. Hamann, N. Dokoozlian

212. Effect of Composts Prepared from Municipal Solid Waste in the Agrochemical Properties of Serosem Soils of Uzbekistan

Optimizing soil fertility and agro-chemical soil properties are currently of great importance, since the content of humus and nutrients from year to year decreases. The reason for decline of soil fertility is the lack of organic fertilizers and use of crop rotation involving leguminous perennial herb. On the other hand a source of organic fertilizer can be municipal solid waste. Currently in the cities of Uzbekistan accumulated huge amount of solid waste whose disposal is an environmental nec... S. Kholikulov, S. Pardaev

213. Effect of Irrigation Scheduling Technique and Fertility Level on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Movement

Florida has more first magnitude springs that anywhere in the world. Most of these are located in north Florida where agricultural production is the primary basis for the economy. Irrigated corn has become a popular part of the crop rotation in recent years. This project is a study of a corn and peanut rotation investigating Best Management Practices (BMPs) of nitrogen fertility level (336, 246, 157 kg/ha) and irrigation strategies as follows:  (i) GROW, mimicking grower’s practice... M. Dukes, M. Zamora, D. Rowland

214. Effect Of Land Use Over Spatial Variability Of Nitrogen Mineralization And Some Of Chemical Soil Properties In Mirabad Area Of Iran

Abstract Any changes in ecosystem conditions and land management impact on ecology of soil inorganic nitrogen. Understanding of the biology soil is increasingly important for sustainable ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability and zoning of nitrogen mineralization, organic carbon and calcium carbonate influenced by the user of apple orchards, crop production and pasture, and compare the two interpola... E. Nabizadeh, S. Kaboodi

215. Effect Of Starch Accumulation In Huanglongbing Symptomatic Leaves On Reflecting Polarized Light

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is an extremely dangerous infection which has severely influenced the citrus industry in Florida. It was also recently found in California and Texas. There is no effective cure for this disease reported yet. The infected trees should be identified and removed immediately to prevent the disease from being spread to other trees. The visual leaf symptoms of this disease are green islands, yellow veins, or vein corking; howeve... W. Lee, A. Pourreza

216. Effect Of Time Of Application On Spray Coverage Using Solid Set Canopy Delivery System

Permanent or solid set canopy delivery system can be used for foliar application in tree fruit orchards. The emitters are placed along the tree rows and are very close to tree canopy. During spray application droplets quickly get deposited on tree canopy and coverage of up to 90% could be achieved. However concerns still exist regarding critical time required to achieve target coverage using SSCD system. This knowledge of selecting an appropriate application time could help grow... M. Karkee, Q. Zhang, A. Sharda

217. Effective Use of a Debris Cleaning Brush for Mechanical Wild Blueberry Harvesting

Wild blueberries are an important horticultural crop native to northeastern North America. Management of wild blueberry fields has improved over the past decade causing increased plant density and leaf foliage. The majority of wild blueberry fields are picked mechanically using tractor mounted harvesters with 16 rotating rakes that gently comb through the plants. The extra foliage has made it more difficult for the cleaning brush to remove unwanted debris (leaf, stems, weeds, etc.) from the p... K. Esau, Q. Zaman, A. Farooque, A. Schumann

218. Effectiveness of Different Precision Soil Sampling Strategies for Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Row-Crops

Soil sampling is an important component of site-specific nutrient management in precision agriculture. While precision soil sampling strategies such as grid or zone have been around for a while, the adoption and utilization of these strategies varies considerably among the growers, especially in the southeastern United States. The selection of an appropriate grid size or management zone further differ among the users depending on several factors. In order to better understand how some of the ... M.W. Tucker, S. Virk, G. Harris, J. Lessl, M. Levi

219. Effectiveness of UAV-Based Remote Sensing Techniques in Determining Lettuce Nitrogen and Water Stresses

This paper presents the results of the investigation on the effectiveness of UAV-based remote sensing data in determining lettuce nitrogen and water stresses. Multispectral images of the experimental lettuce plot at Cal Poly Pomona’s Spadra farm were collected from a UAV. Different rows of the lettuce plot were subject to different level of water and nitrogen applications. The UAV data were used in the determination of various vegetation indices. Proximal sensors used for ground-truthin... S. Bhandari, A. Raheja, M.R. Chaichi, R.L. Green, D. Do, M. Ansari, J.G. Wolf, A. Espinas, F.H. Pham, T.M. Sherman

220. Efficiency of Microbial Synthesis and the Flow of Nitrogen Compounds in Sheep Receiving Crambe Meal (Crambe Abyssinica Hochst) Replacing the Concentrade Crude Protein

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75%) of crude protein substitution of the concentrate by crude protein of crambe meal on microbial protein synthesis and the flow of microbial nitrogen compounds in sheep. Four rumen fistulated sheep (18 months and initial average body weight of 50 kg) were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets were balanced to meet the requirements for minimum gains, containing approximately 14% crude protein ... K.K. De azevedo, D.M. Figueiredo, G.M. Dallago, J.A. Vieira, R.R. Silveira, L.D. Da silva, R.A. Santos, L.N. Rennó, G.B. Pacheco

221. eFields – An On-Farm Research Network to Inform Farm Recommendations

On-farm research has been traditionally used to provide local, field-scale information about agronomic practices. Farmers tend to have more confidence in on-farm research results because they are perceived to be more relevant to their farm operations compared to small plot research results. In recent years, more farmers have been conducting on-farm studies to help evaluate practices and input decisions.  Recent advances in precision agriculture technologies have stream-lined the on-... J.P. Fulton, E. Hawkins, R. Colley iii, K. Port, S. Shearer, A. Klopfenstein

222. Elimination of Spatial Variability Using Variable Rate Drip Irrigation (VRDI) in Vineyards

Vineyards worldwide are subjected to spatial variability, which can be exhibited in both low and high yield areas meaning that the vineyard is not achieving his full yield potential. In addition, the grapes quality is not uniformed leading to different wine qualities from the same plot. The assumption is that a variability in available water for the plant due to soil variability leads to the observed yield variability. A variable rate drip irrigation (VRDI) concept was developed to reduce suc... I. Nadav

223. Employment of the SSEB and CROPWAT Models to Estimate the Water Footprint of Potato Grown in Hyper-arid Regions of Saudi Arabia

Quantifying crops’ water footprint (WF) is essential for sustainable agriculture especially in arid regions, which suffers from harsh environmental conditions and severe shortage of freshwater resources such as Saudi Arabia. In this study, WF of irrigated potato crop was estimated for the implementation of precision agriculture techniques. The CROPWAT and the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approaches were adopted. Soil, plant, and yield samples were randomly collected from six... R. Madugundu, K. Al-gaadi, E. Tola

224. Enhancing NY State On-farm Experimentation with Digital Agronomy

Agriculture is putting pressure on the ecosystems and practices need to evolve towards a more sustainable way of producing food. Industrial agriculture has imposed a unique production model on the ecosystems while it is now understood that it is more sustainable to adapt the production model to the ecosystem. This involves adapting existing solutions to the local agricultural context and developing new solutions that are best suited to the local ecosystem. Farmers are doing this by conducting... L. Longchamps

225. Enhancing PA Adoption Through Value Connections

Despite an increase in breadth of precision agriculture over time, and the attendant elements of digital agriculture that either support PA or integrates the outputs of PA, the pace of adoption of digital agriculture in our farming systems remains slow. In assessing impediments to adoption of digital agriculture, much work to date has focused on the value proposition as considered by individual producers or value chain actors.  At this level, adoption remains constrained by perceptions o... D.W. Lamb, M.T. Schaefer

226. Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Maize Grain Yield Data

Grain yield data is frequently used for precision agriculture management purposes and as a parameter for evaluating agronomy experiments, but unexpected challenges sometimes interfere with harvest plans or cause total losses. The spatial detail of modern grain yield monitoring data is also limited by combine header width, which could be nearly 14 m in some crops.  Remote sensing data, such as multispectral imagery collected via satellite and unmanned aerial systems (UAS), could be used t... J. Siegfried, R. Khosla, D. Mandal, W. Yilma

227. Environmental Impacts of Precision Feeding Programs Applied in Brazilian Pig Production

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect that switching from conventional to precision feeding systems during the growing-finishing phase would have on the potential environmental impact of Brazilian pig production. Standard life-cycle assessment procedures were used, with a cradle-to-farm gate boundary. The inputs and outputs of each interface of the life cycle were organized in a model. Grain production was independently characterized in the Central-West and South regions of Brazil,... C. Pomar, I. Andretta, L. Hauschild, M. Kipper, P.S. Pires

228. Establishing the First Soil Water Characteristics Curve for the Soils of Prince Edward Island, Canada

Soil water characteristics curve (SWCC), for Prince Edward Island (PEI), is much more needed currently for the sustainable production of agriculture yields. It will not only fulfil the requirements of the province’s farmers for irrigation scheduling but also help the government to decide about permitting the use of groundwater for supplemental irrigation on the island.  A soil water characteristics curve in PEI does not exist to support precision agriculture practices. Precision ir... S.J. Cheema, A.A. Farooque, F. Abbas, T. Esau, K. Grewal

229. Establishment of a Canola Emergence Assessment Methodology Using Image-based Plant Count and Ground Cover Analysis

Manual assessment of emergence is a time-consuming practice that must occur within a short time-frame of the emergence stage in canola (Brassica napus). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) may allow for a more thorough assessment of canola emergence by covering a wider scope of the field and in a more timely manner than in-person evaluations. This research aims to calibrate the relationship between emerging plant population count and the ground cover. The field trial took place at the Uni... K. Krys, S. Shirtliffe, H. Duddu, T. Ha, A. Attanayake, E. Johnson, E. Andvaag, I. Stavness

230. Estimates of Plant Number of Maize Crop at Seedling from High-Throughput UAV Imagery

The acquisition of such agricultural information as crop growth and output is of great significance for the development of modern agriculture. Using the image analysis is important to gain information on plant properties, health and phenotype. This study uses the unmanned aerial vehicle images about Maize breeding material collected in Beijing Xiao Tang mountain town in June 2017. The four color space transformation of RGB, HSV, YCbCr and L*A*B was used to divide the UAV image foreground (cro... S. Liu, G. Yang

231. Estimating Corn Biomass from RGB Images Acquired with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Above-ground biomass, along with chlorophyll content and leaf area index (LAI), is a key biophysical parameter for crop monitoring. Being able to estimate biomass variations within a field is critical to the deployment of precision farming approaches such as variable nitrogen applications. With unprecedented flexibility, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) allow image acquisition at very high spatial resolution and short revisit time. Accordingly, there has been an increasing interest i... K. Khun, P. Vigneault, E. Fallon, N. Tremblay, C. Codjia, F. Cavayas

232. Estimating Cotton Water Requirements Using Sentinel-2

Crop coefficient (Kc)-based estimation of crop water consumption is one of the most commonly used methods for irrigation management.  Spectral modeling of Kc is possible due to the high correlations between Kc and the crop phenologic development and spectral reflectance.  In this study, cotton evapotranspiration was measured in the field using several methods, including eddy covariance, surface renewal, and heat pulse.  Kc was estimated as the ratio between reference evapotrans... O. Rozenstein, N. Haymann, G. Kaplan , J. Tanny

233. Estimating Litchi Canopy Nitrogen Content Using Simulated Multispectral Remote Sensing Data

This study aims at evaluating the performance of seven highly spatial resolution remote sensing data in litchi canopy nitrogen content estimation. The litchi canopy reflectance were collected by ASD field spectrometer. Then the canopy spectral data were resampled based on the spectral response functions of each satellite sensors (Geo-eye, GF-WFV1, Rapid-eye, WV-2, Landsat 8, WV-3, and Sentinel-2). The spectral indices in literature were derived based on the simulated data. Meanwhile, the succ... D. Li, H. Jiang, S. Chen, C. Wang

234. Estimating Soil Carbon Stocks with In-field Visible and Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Agricultural lands can be a sink for carbon and play an important role in offsetting carbon emissions. Current methods of measuring carbon sequestration—through repeated temporal soil samples—are costly and laborious. A promising alternative is using visible, near-infrared (VNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. However, VNIR data are complex, which requires several data processing steps and often yields inconsistent results, especially when using in situ VNIR measurements. Using... C.J. Ransom, C. Vong, K.S. Veum, K.A. Sudduth, N.R. Kitchen, J. Zhou

235. Estimating Spatial Variation In Annual Pasture Yield

Yield mapping is an essential tool for precision management of arable crops. Crop yields can be measured once, at harvest, automatically by the harvesting machinery, and be used to inform a wide range of activities. However yield mapping has had minimal adoption by pastoral farmers.   Yield mapping is also a potentially valuable tool for precision management of pastures. However it is difficult to practically map yields on pastures, as they... S.J. Dennis, W. Clarke-hill, A. Taylor, R. Dynes, K. O'neill, T. Jowett

236. Estimation of Vegetative Biomass Using On-the-Go Mobile Sensors

Non-destructive methods for estimation of vegetative biomass have been developed using several remote sensing strategies as well as physical measurement techniques. An effective method for estimating biomass must be at least as accurate as the accepted standard for destructive removal measurement techniques such as a forage harvester or quad harvest strategies. In large part vegetative biomass is considered a function of canopy or plant height. Subsequently, a method o... J. Pittman

237. Estimation of Cotton Biomass Using Unmanned Aerial Systems and Satellite-based Remote Sensing

Satellite and unmanned aerial system (UAS) images are effective in monitoring crop growth at various spatial, temporal, and spectral scales. The objective of the study was to estimate cotton biomass at different growth stages using vegetation indices (VIs) derived from UAS and satellite images. This research was conducted in a cotton field in Hale County, Texas, in 2021. Data collected include 54 plant samples at different locations for three dates of the growing season. Multispectral images ... O.I. Adedeji, B.P. Ghimire, H. Gu, R. Karn, Z. Lin, W. Guo

238. Estimation Of Nitrogen And Chlorophyll Content In Wheat Crop Using Hand Held Sensors

A Field experiment was conducted to estimate crop nitrogen (N) status and chlorophyll content in wheat crop by using chlorophyll content meter(Apogee’s CCM-200) and N-Tester®  (Make YARA International). The experiment was conducted by sowing university recommended wheat variety viz. PBW 550 with 5 nitrogen levels i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 & 150 kg N/ha. It was found that at tillering stage when nitrogen rates were increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1 , the... M.S. Makkar, A. Kaul, R. Kumar, A. Sharma, B.S. Sekhon, C.S. Pannu

239. Evaluating a Satellite Remote Sensing and Calibration Strip-based Precision Nitrogen Management Strategy for Corn in Minnesota and Indiana

Precision nitrogen (N) management (PNM) aims to match N supply with crop N demand in both space and time and has the potential to improve N use efficiency (NUE), increase farmer profitability, and reduce N losses and negative environmental impacts. However, current PNM adoption rate is still quite low. A remote sensing and calibration strip-based PNM strategy (RS-CS-PNM) has been developed by the Precision Agriculture Center at the University of Minne... K. Mizuta, Y. Miao, A.C. Morales, L.N. Lacerda, D. Cammarano, R.L. Nielsen, R. Gunzenhauser, K. Kuehner, S. Wakahara, J.A. Coulter, D.J. Mulla, D. . Quinn, B. Mcartor

240. Evaluating APSIM Model for Site-Specific N Management in Nebraska

Many approaches have been developed to estimate the optimal N application rates and increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In particular, in-season and variable-rate fertilizer applications have the potential to apply N during the time of rapid plant N uptake and at the rate needed, thereby reducing the potential for nitrogen fertilizer losses. However, there remains great challenges in determining the optimal N rate to apply in site-specific locations within a field in a given year.&nb... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, S. Archontoulis

241. Evaluating Decision Systems For Using Variable Rates In Planting Soybean

Increased interest in managing seeding rates within soybean fields is being driven by the advances in technologies and the need to increase productivity and economic returns. A wealth of previous research was focused on studying how different seeding rates affect soybean yields at small-plot scales. However, little is known how different site-specific factors influence the responsiveness of soybean to higher or lower plant population densities at field levels, especially across geographi... P. Reeg, P.M. Kyveryga, T.A. Mueller

242. Evaluating Different Nitrogen Management Strategies For The Intensive Wheat-Maize System In North China Plain

The sustainable agricultural development involves both environmental challenges and production goals to meet growing food demand. However, excessive nitrogen (N) applications are threatening the sustainability of intensive agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). Improved N management should result in greater N use efficiency (NUE) and producer profit while reducing the risk of environmental contamination. Therefore, developing and disseminating feasible N management strategi... Q. Cao, Y. Miao, G. Feng, F. Li, B. Liu, X. Gao, Y. Liu

243. Evaluating How Operator Experience Level Affects Efficiency Gains for Precision Agricultural Tools

Tractor guidance (TG) improve environmental gains relative to non-precision technologies; however, studies evaluating how tractor operator experience for non-guidance comparisons impact gains are nonexistent. This study explores spatial relationships of overlaps and gaps with operator experience level (0-1; 2-3; 6+ years) during fertilizer and herbicide applications based on terrain attributes.  Tractor paths recorded by global navigation satellite systems were used to create overlap pol... A. Ashworth, T. Kharel, P. Owens

244. Evaluating Leaf Fluorescence Sensor Dualex 4 For Estimating Rice Nitrogen Status In Northeast China

Real-time non-destructive diagnosis of crop nitrogen (N) status is crucially important for the success of in-season site-specific N management. Chlorophyll meter (CM) has been commonly used to non-destructively estimate crop leaf chlorophyll concentration, and indirectly estimate crop N status. Dualex 4 is a newly developed leaf fluorescence sensor that can estimate both leaf chlorophyll concentration and polyphenolics, especially flavonoids. When N is deficient, N stress can in... W. Yu, Y. Miao, S. Hu, J. Shen, H. Wang

245. Evaluating Remote Sensing Based Adaptive Nitrogen Management for Potato Production

Conventional nitrogen (N) management for potato production in the Upper Midwest, USA relies on using split-applications of N fertilizer or a controlled release N product. Using remote sensing to adaptively manage N applications has the potential to improve N use efficiency and reduce losses of nitrate to groundwater, which are important regional concerns. A two-year plot-scale experiment was established to evaluate adaptive N-management using remote sensing compared to conventional practices ... B. Bohman, D. Mulla, C. Rosen

246. Evaluating Soil Nutrition Status With Remote Sensing Derived Land Productivity

Available nitrogen is the amount of this nutrient available to plants in the soil and the amount of nitrogen provided by fertilizers. Compared to total nitrogen, nitrogen availability is a more useful tool for determining how much fertilizer you need and when to apply it. Determining the level of nitrogen available in field soil is also a useful method to increase the efficiency of fertilizer. Most soil properties are time-consuming and costly to measure, and also change over ti... Z. Chen, J. Meng, X. You

247. Evaluating the Potential of Improving In-season Nitrogen Status Diagnosis of Potato Using Leaf Fluorescence Sensors and Machine Learning

Precision nitrogen (N) management is particularly important for potato crops due to their high N fertilizer demand and high N leaching potential caused by their shallow root systems and preference for coarse-textured soils. Potato farmers have been using a standard lab analysis called petiole nitrate-N (PNN) test as a tool to diagnose potato N status and guide in-season N management. However, the PNN test suffers from many disadvantages including time constraints, labor, and cost of analysis.... S. Wakahara, Y. Miao, S. Gupta, C. Rosen, K. Mizuta, J. Zhang, D. Li

248. Evaluating the Potential of Integrated Precision Irrigation and Nitrogen Management for Corn in Minnesota

The environmental impact of irrigated agriculture on ground and surface water resources in Minnesota is of major concern. Previous studies have focused on either precision irrigation or precision nitrogen (N) management, with very limited studies on the integrated precision management of irrigation and N fertilizers, especially in Minnesota. The Dualex Scientific sensor is a leaf fluorescence sensor that has been used to diagnose crop&nbs... A. Elvir flores, Y. Miao, V. Sharma, L. Lacerda

249. Evaluation Of A Sensor-Based Precision Irrigation System For Efficiency And To Monitor And Control Groundwater Over-Pumping In Oman

Oman is a country with a total area of 309,500 km2. However, cultivable land in Oman is estimated to be less than 2%, which amounts to about 6100 km2. More than 50 percent of the arable lands located in the northern coastal belt of Al Batinah region. The country with average annual rainfall around 100 mm, has limited natural fresh water resources and has been facing the serious problem of sea water intrusion into the scarce groundwater reserves due to undis... H.P. Jayasuriya, S. Zekri, R. Zaier, H. Al-buasidi, A. Teirab, N. Hamza

250. Evaluation of a Wireless Pulse Oximeter to Measure Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Pulse Rate in Newborn Holstein Friesian Calves

Pulse oximetry is a well-established technique in nowadays human and veterinarian medicine. Also in the farm animal sector, it could be a useful tool to detect critical conditions of the oxygen supply and the cardiovascular system of the patient. However, its use in ruminant medicine is still limited to experimental application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a Radius-7 Wearable Pulse Oximeter (Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA) for monitoring the vital parameters of... P. Kanz, S. Krieger, M. Drillich, M. Iwersen

251. Evaluation of an Artificial Neural Network Approach for Prediction of Corn and Soybean Yield

The ability to predict crop yield during the growing season is important for crop income, insurance projections and for evaluating food security. Yet, modeling crop yield is challenging because of the complexity of the relationships between crop growth and the interrelated predictor variables. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are useful for such complex systems as they can capture non-linear relationships of data without explicitly knowing the underlying processes. In this study, an ANN-base... A. Kross, G. Kaur, E. Znoj, D. Callegari, M. Sunohara, H. Mcnairn, D. Lapen, H. Rudy, L. Van vliet

252. Evaluation of an Ear Tag Based Accelerometer for Monitoring Rumination Time, Chewing Cycles and Rumination Bouts in Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ear tag based accelerometer SMARTBOW (Smartbow, Weibern, Austria) for detecting rumination time, chewing cycles and rumination bouts in dairy cows. For this, the parameters were determined by analyses of video recordings as reference and compared with the results of the accelerometer system. Additionally, the intra- and inter-observer reliability as well as the agreement of direct cow observations and video recordings was tested. Ten Simmental c... M. Iwersen, S. Reiter, V. Schweinzer, F. Kickinger, M. Öhlschuster, L. Lidauer, W. Auer, M. Drillich, A. Berger

253. Evaluation of Crop Model Based Tools for Corn Site-specific N Management in Nebraska

There is a critical need to reduce the nitrogen (N) footprint from corn-based cropping systems while maintaining or increasing yields and profits. Digital agriculture technologies for site-specific N management have been demonstrated to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, adoption of these technologies remains low. Factors such as cost, complexity, unknown impact and large data inputs are associated with low adoption. Grower’s hands-on experience coupled with targeted resear... L. Puntel, L. Thompson , T. Mieno, S. Norquest

254. Evaluation of HLB-Infected Citrus Rootstocks Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Citrus production in Florida continues to decline steadily, since the arrival of Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening). HLB does not kill the tree, but HLB-infected trees become less productive. Since now, there is no cure for this disease. However, several strategies have been developed to manage and control HLB-infected citrus trees. We have developed and evaluated a heat thermotherapy system (short-term solution) for sustaining productivity of HLB-affected trees. This system heats the can... Y. Ampatzidis, M. Derival, S. Kakarla, U. Albrecht, X. Zhang

255. Evaluation of Image Acquisition Parameters and Data Extraction Methods on Plant Height Estimation with UAS Imagery

Aerial imagery from unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) has been increasingly used for field phenotyping and precision agriculture. Plant height is one important crop growth parameter that has been estimated from 3D point clouds and digital surface models (DSMs) derived from UAS-based aerial imagery. However, many factors can affect the accuracy of aerial plant height estimation. This study examined the effects of image overlap, pixel resolution, and data extraction methods on estimati... C. Yang, C. Suh, W. Guo, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, R. Eyster

256. Evaluation Of In-Field Sensors To Monitor Nitrogen Status In Soybean

In recent years, active optical crop sensors have been gaining importance to determine in-season nitrogen (N) fertilization requirements for on-the-go variable rate application.  Although most of these active in-field crop sensors have been evaluated in corn and wheat crops, they have not yet been evaluated in soybean production systems in North Dakota. Recent research from both South Dakota and North Dakota indicate that in-season N application in soybean can increase soybean yield... J. Nowatzki, S. Bajwa, S. Sivarajan, M. Maharlooei, H. Kandel

257. Evaluation of Indwelling Rumen Temperature Monitoring System for Dairy Calf Illness Detection and Management

Precision Dairy Farming technology has mostly focused on tools to improve cow care, but new tools are available to improve the care of pre-wean calves and heifers. These technologies apply real-time monitoring to measure individual animal data and detect a deviation from normal. On-farm validation of new technologies remains important for successful deployment of new technologies within commercial farms to understand how the technology can improve dairy calf welfare, performance, and health. ... J.M. Hartschuh, J.P. Fulton, S.A. Shearer, B.D. Enger, G.M. Schuenemann

258. Evaluation of Nitrogen Recommendation Tools for Winter Wheat in Nebraska

Attaining both high yield and high nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) simultaneously remains a current research challenge in crop production. Digital ag technologies for site-specific N management have been demonstrated to improve NUE. This is due to the ability of digital technologies to account for the spatial and temporal distribution of crop N demand and available soil N in the field which varies greatly according t... J. Cesario pereira pinto, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, G. Balboa, L. Puntel

259. Evaluation of Nutrient Intake in Sheep Fed with Increasing Levels of Crambe Meal (Crambe Abyssinica Hoscht)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of crude protein (CP) substitution of the concentrate by CP of crambe meal (CM) (0, 25, 50 and 75% dry matter basis) on consumption of nutrients. Four rumen fistulated and castrated sheep (18 months old on average and initial body weight of 50 kg) were used distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 4 treatments and 4 experimental periods (repetitions). Diets were balanced to meet requirements for minimum gains ... K.K. De azevedo, D.M. De figueiredo, M.G. De sousa, G.M. Dallago, R.R. Silveira, L.D. Da silva, R.A. Santos

260. Evaluation of Strip Tillage Systems in Maize Production in Hungary

Strip tillage is a form of conservation tillage system. It combines the benefits of conventional tillage systems with the soil-protecting advantages of no-tillage. The tillage zone is typically 0.25 to 0.3 m wide and 0.25 to 0.30 m deep. The soil surface between these strips is left undisturbed and the residue from the previous crop remain on the soil surface. The residue-covered area reaches 60-70%. Keeping residue on the surface helps prevent soil structure and reduce water loss from the so... T. Rátonyi, P. Ragán, D. Sulyok, J. Nagy, E. Harsányi, A. Vántus, N. Csatári

261. Evaluation of the Ear-Tag Sensor System SMARTBOW for Detecting Estrus Events in Indoor Housed Dairy Cows

Livestock farming technologies have a tremendous potential to improve and support farmers in herd management decisions, in particular in reproductive management. Nowadays, estrus detection in cows is challenging and many detection tools are available. The company Smartbow (Weibern, Austria) developed a novel ear-tag sensor, which consists of a 3D-accelerometer that records head and ear movements of cows as basis for algorithm development and further analyses. Estrus detection by the SMARTBOW ... V. Schweinzer, L. Lidauer, F. Kickinger, M. Öhlschuster, W. Auer, M. Drillich, M. Iwersen, A. Berger

262. Evaluation of the Potential for Precision Agriculture and Soil Conservation at Farm and Watershed Scale: A Case Study

Precision agriculture and soil conservation have the potential to increase crop yield and economic return while reducing environmental impacts. Landform, spatial variability of soil processes, and temporal trends may affect crop N response and should be considered for precision agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the viability of precision agriculture in improving N use efficiency and profitability at the farm and watershed level in western Canada. Two studies are desc... M. Khakbazan, A. Moulin, J. Huang, P. Michiels, R. Xie

263. Evaluation Of The Temporal And Operational Stability Of Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Measuring apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), using galvanic contact resistivity (GCR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques is frequently used to implement site-specific crop management. Various research projects have demonstrated the possibilities for significant changes in the measured quantities over time with relatively stable spatial structure representations. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of temporal drift and operational noise for three... V.I. Adamchuk, A. Mat su

264. Evaluation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images in Estimating Cotton Nitrogen Content

Estimating crop nitrogen content is a critical step for optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of UAV images in estimating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N content. This study was conducted in a dryland cotton field in Garza County, Texas, in 2020. The experiment was implemented as a randomized complete block design with three N rates of 0, 34, and 67 kg N ha-1. A RedEdge multispectral sensor was used to acqu... R. Karn, H. Gu, O. Adedeji, W. Guo

265. Examining the Relationship Between SPAD, LAI and NDVI Values in a Maize Long-Term Experiment

In Hungary, the preconditions for the use of precision crop production have undergone enormous development over the last five years. RTK coverage is complete in crop production areas. Consultants are increasingly using the vegetation index maps from Landsat and Sentinel satellite data, but measurements with on-site proximal plant sensors are also needed to exclude the influence of the atmosphere. The aim of our studies was to compare the values measured by proximal plant sensors in ... P. Ragán, E. Harsányi, J. Nagy, T. Ágnes, T. Rátonyi, A. Vántus, N. Csatári

266. Experiences in the Development of Commercial Web-Based Data Engines to Support UK Growers Within an Industry-Academic Partnership

The lifecycle of Precision Agriculture data begins the moment that the measurement is taken, after which it may pass through each multiple data processes until finally arriving as an output employed back in the production system. This flow can be hindered by the fact that many farm datasets have different spatial resolutions. This makes the process to aggregate or analyse multiple Precision Agriculture layers arduous and time consuming.  Precision Decisions Ltd located in Yorks... J. Taylor, Y. Shahar, P. James, C. Blacker, S. Leese, R. Sanderson, R. Kavanagh

267. Experimental Study Using Wind Tunnel for Measuring Variability of Spray Drift Sedimentation

Spray drift is defined as physical movement of pesticides by air action as a particle droplet and is not deposited on the intended target. Evaluation of the parameters affecting on spray drift is difficult. The accurate studies are expensive, as well as, the variability is high under field conditions due to instability in wind speed and turbulence. Wind tunnel experiments are adequate to simulate the results of field measurements for spray drift. A laboratory experiments were carried out to s... M.H. Alheidary, J. Douzals, C. Sinfort

268. Exploiting The Variability In Pasture Production On New Zealand Hill Country.

New Zealand has about four million hectares in medium to steep hill country pasture to which granular solid fertiliser is applied by airplane.  On most New Zealand hill country properties where cultivation is not possible the only means of influencing pasture production yield is through the addition of fertilizers and paddock subdivision to control grazing and pasture growth rates. Pasture response to fertilizer varies in production zones within the farm which can be modell... M.Q. Grafton, P.J. Mcveagh, R.R. Pullanagari, I.J. Yule

269. Exploring Relationships Between Dairy Herd Improvement Metrics in Minas Gerais – Brazil Dairy Herds

The objective of the present study was to apply principal component analysis (PCA) on Brazilian Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) data to discover the subset of most meaningful variables to describe complete lactations. The Holstein Livestock Breeders Association of Minas Gerais provided data collected between 2005 and 2016 from 122 dairy farms located in the State of Minas Gerais – Brazil. Twelve numerical variables were selected from the original dataset and four additional variables were ... G.M. Dallago, D. Figueiredo, R. Santos, P. Andrade, D. Santos

270. Exploring Tractor Mounted Hyperspectral System Ability to Detect Sudden Death Syndrome Infection and Assess Yield in Soybean

Pre-visual detection of crop disease is critical for both food and economic security. The sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybeans, caused by Fusarium virguliforme (Fv), induces 100 million US$ crop loss, per year, in the US alone. Field-based spectroscopic remote sensing offers a method to enable timely detection, but still requires appropriate instrumentation and testing. Soybean plants were measured at canopy level over a course of a growing season to assess the capacity of spectral measure... I. Herrmann, S. Vosberg, P. Ravindran, A. Singh, P. Townsend, S. Conley

271. Exploring Wireless Sensor Network Technology in Sustainable Okra Garden: A Comparative Analysis of Okra Grown in Different Fertilizer Treatments

The goal of this project was to explore commercial agricultural and irrigation sensor kits and to discern if the commercial wireless sensor network (WSN) is a viable tool for providing accurate real-time farm data at the nexus of food energy and water. The smart garden consists of two different varieties of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) planted in raised beds, each grown under two different fertilizer treatments. Soil watermark sensors were programed to evaluate soil moisture and dictate irri... L. Burton, K. Jayachandran, S. Bhansali, Y. Mekonnen, A. Sarwat

272. Factors Related To Adoption Of Precision Agriculture Technologies In Southern Brazil

The adoption of technologies which allow the increase of food production with improving quality in addition to reduce the foot prints in the environment is important for agribusiness development. Precision Agriculture (PA) stands out as an option to aid the achievement of these goals. Brazil plays an important role to supply agricultural products and to demand technologies. However, research has focused on technical and economic implementation of PA technologies. Therefore, more informat... A.A. Anselmi, L.C. Federizzi , C. Bredemeier, J.P. Molin

273. Farm Soil Moisture Mapping Using Reflected GNSS SNR Data Onboard Low Level Flying Aircraft

Soil moisture/water content monitoring (spatial and temporal) is a critical component of farm management decision primarily for crop/plant growth and yield improvement, but also for optimization of practice such as tillage and field treatments. Satellite humidity probes do not deliver the relevant resolution for farming purposes. Ground moisture probes only provide punctual measurements and do not reflect the true spatial variability of soil moisture. Previous studies have demonstra... L. Ameglio, J. Darrozes, J. Dreyer

274. Farmer Charlie - Low Cost Data Analytics for Farmers Accessible in the Field

Farmer Charlie, a spin-off of AB5 Consulting Ltd, is based on an affordable business model including five elements: a data analytics platform, an agribusiness ecosystem app, capable of connecting with local third-party apps; weather and in field sensors; wi-fi Internet connectivity; and power to the field and farms via solar panels, where necessary. Farmer Charlie brings information to farmers in their own fields, in an easy plug and play solution, affordable to the farmers and addressing the... B. Bonnardel

275. Farmer Charlie - Low Cost Smart Local Data Available to Remote Farmers

Farmer Charlie brings connectivity and information to farmers, who receive tailored agronomic data to improve their agricultural practice. Farmer Charlie is based on on-site sensors through which soil data can be detected, gathered, and processed by a dedicated server. Broadband communication allows farmers to receive real-time, localised information on tablet or mobile phone. Farmer Charlie is a low-cost solution, it can be adapted to various crops and to detect soil humidity, pH, temperatur... B. Bonnardel

276. Farmers’ and Experts’ Perceptions of Precision Farming Impacts on Economic Efficiency, Food Security, Climate and Environmental Sustainability

“Global food security could be in jeopardy, due to mounting pressures on natural resources and to climate change, both of which threaten the sustainability of food systems at large. Excessive fertilizer use can contribute to problems of eutrophication, acidification, climate change and the toxic contamination of soil, water and air. Lack of fertilizer application may cause the degradation of soil fertility. Agricultural production systems need to focus more on the effective co... C.I. Anaba

277. Feasibility of Estimating the Leaf Area Index of Maize Traits with Hemispherical Images Captured from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Feeding a global population of 9.1 billion in 2050 will require food production to be increased by approximately 60%. In this context, plant breeders are demanding more effective and efficient field-based phenotyping methods to accelerate the development of more productive cultivars under contrasting environmental constraints. The leaf area index (LAI) is a dimensionless biophysical parameter of great interest to maize breeders since it is directly related to crop productivity. The LAI is def... M. Perez-ruiz, E. Apolo-apolo, G. Egea, J. Martinez-guanter, C. Marin-barrero

278. Feature Extraction from Radial Descriptor Lines for Body Condition Scoring of Cows

Body condition score (BCS) is considered as one of the most important indices for managing dairy cows, which is used to evaluate fat cover and changes in body condition. Dairy farmers should be aware of their cows BCS to be able to identify the patient cows on time and manage diets when needed. In this study, we have introduced a new index which uses Radial Descriptor Lines (RDL) for BC scoring. Based on the fact that the fatter the cow the smoother the back surface, we hypothesised that the ... A. Jafari, F. Karimi, A. Werner, S. Ghoreishi, S. Kargar

279. Field Grown Apple Nursery Tree Plant Counting Based on Small UAS Imagery Derived Elevation Maps

In recent years, growers in the state are transitioning to new high yielding, pest and disease resistant cultivars. Such transition has created high demand for new tree fruit cultivars. Nursery growers have committed their incoming production of the next few years to meet such high demands. Though an opportunity, tree fruit nursery growers must grow and keep the pre-sold quantity of plants to supply the amount promised to the customers. Moreover, to keep the production economical amidst risin... M. Martello, J.J. Quirós, L. Khot

280. Field Level Management and Data Verification of Variable Rate Fertilizer Application

Increased cost efficiencies and ease of use make spinner-disc spreaders the primary method of applying fertilizers throughout much of the United States. Recently, advances in spreader systems have enabled multiple fertilizer products to be applied at variable application rates. This provides greater flexibility during site-specific management of in-field fertility. Physical and aerodynamic properties vary for fertilizer granules of different sources and densities, these properties in turn aff... R. Colley iii, J. Fulton, S. Virk, E. Hawkins

281. Field Phenotyping and an Example of Proximal Sensing of Photosynthesis

Field phenotyping conceptually can be divided in five pillars 1) traits of interest 2) sensors to measure these traits 3) positioning systems to allow high throughput measurements by the sensors 4) experimental sites and 5) environmental monitoring. In this paper we will focus on photosynthesis as trait of interest, measured by remote active fluorescence. The sensor presented is the Light Induced Fluorescence Transient (LIFT) instrument. The LIFT instrument is integrated in three positioning ... O. Muller, B. Keller, L. Zimmermanm, C. Jedmowski, V. Pingle, K. Acebron, N. Zendonadi, A. Steier, R. Pieruschka, U. Schurr, U. Rascher, T. Kraska

282. Field Test of a Satellite-Based Model for Irrigation Scheduling in Cotton

Cotton irrigation in Israel began in the mid-1950s. It is based on an irrigation protocol developed over dozens of years of cotton farming in Israel, and proved to provide among the world's best cotton yield results. In this experiment, we examined the use of an irrigation recommendation system that is based on satellite imagery and hyper-local meteorological data, "Manna treatment", compared to the common irrigation protocols in Israel, which use a crop coefficient (Kc) table a... O. Beeri, S. May-tal, J. Raz, R. Rud

283. Field-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping Approach For Soybean Plant Improvement

The continued development of new, high yielding cultivars needed to meet the world’s growing food demands will be aided by improving the technology to rapidly phenotype potential cultivars. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is essential to maximize the greatest value of genetics analysis and to better understand the plant biology and physiology in view of a “Feed the World in 2050” theme. Field-based high-throughput&nb... L. Li, D. Jiang, R.P. Campos, Z. Lu, L.F. Tian

284. First Results Of Development Of A Smart Farm In The Netherlands

GNSS technology has been introduced on about 20 % of the Dutch arable farms in The Netherlands today. Use of sensor technology is also slowly but gradually being adopted by farmers, providing them large amounts of digital data on soil, crop and climate conditions. Typical data are spatial variation in soil organic matter, crop biomass, crop yield, and presence of pests and diseases. We still have to make major steps to use all this data in a way that agriculture becomes more sus... T. Feher, C. Kocks, C. Kempenaar, K. Westerdijk

285. Flat Payoff Functions and Site-Specific Crop Management

Within the neighbourhood of any economically “optimal” management system, there is a set of alternative systems that are only slightly less attractive than the optimum. Often this set is large; in other words, the payoff function is flat within the vicinity of the optimum. This has major implications for the economics of variable-rate site-specific crop management. The flatter the payoff function, the lower the benefits of precision in the adjustment of input rates spatially withi... D. Pannell, A. Weersink, M. Gandorfer

286. Flourish - A Robotic Approach for Automation in Crop Management

The Flourish project aims to bridge the gap between current and desired capabilities of agricultural robots by developing an adaptable robotic solution for precision farming. Combining the aerial survey capabilities of a small autonomous multi-copter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with a multi-purpose agricultural Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV), the system will be able to survey a field from the air, perform targeted intervention on the ground, and provide detailed information for decision supp... A. Walter, R. Khanna, P. Lottes, C. Stachniss, R. Siegwart, J. Nieto, F. Liebisch

287. Forecasting Crop Yield Using Multi-Layered, Whole-Farm Data Sets and Machine Learning

The ultimate goal of Precision Agriculture is to improve decision making in the business of farming. Many broadacre farmers now have a number of years of crop yield data for their fields which are often augmented with additional spatial data, such as apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), soil gamma radiometrics, terrain attributes and soil sample information. In addition there are now freely available public datasets, such as rainfall, digital soil maps and archives of satellite remote... P. Filippi, E.J. Jones, M. Fajardo, B.M. Whelan, T.F. Bishop

288. Frameworks for Variable Rate Application of Manure

Worldwide, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture are main contributors to eutrophication of water bodies so that forceful agro-technical measures are required to reduce their diffuse discharge to the environment. With view to worldwide finite mineral rock phosphates efficient standards are required to close the agricultural P cycle. In intensive agricultural livestock production manure is often treated as a waste problem rather than an organic fertilizer and source of nutrie... H. Lilienthal, S.H. Haneklaus, E. Schnug

289. From Data to Decisions - Ag Technologies Provide New Opportunities and Challenges with On-Farm Research

U.S. farmers are challenged to increase crop production while achieving greater resource use efficiency.  The Nebraska On-Farm Research Network (NOFRN), enables farmers to answer critical production, profitability, and sustainability questions with their own fields and equipment. The NOFRN is sponsored by the University of Nebraska – Lincoln Extension and derives from two separate on-farm research efforts, the earliest originating in 1990.  Over the course of the last 29 years... L. Thompson, K. Glewen, N. Mueller, J. Luck

290. From Fragmented Data to Unified Insights: Leveraging Data Standardization Tools for Better Collaboration and Agronomic Big Data Analysis

The quantity and scope of agronomic data available for researchers in both industry and academia is increasing rapidly. Data sources include a myriad of different streams, such as field experiments, sensors, climatic data, socioeconomic data or remote sensing. The lack of standards and workflows frequently leads agronomic data to be fragmented and siloed, hampering collaboration efforts within research labs, university departments, or research institutes. Researchers and businesses therefore ... S. Sela

291. Fruit Fly Electronic Monitoring System

Insects are a constant threat to agriculture, especially the cultivation of various types of fruits such as apples, pears, guava, etc. In this sense, it is worth mentioning the Anastrepha genus flies (known as fruit fly), responsible for billionaire losses in the fruit growing sector around the world, due to the severity of their attack on orchards. In Brazil, this type of pests has been controlled in most product areas by spraying insecticides, which due to the need for prior knowledge regar... C.L. Bazzi, F.V. Silva, L. Gebler, E.G. Souza, K. Schenatto, R. Sobjak, R.S. Dos santos, A.M. Hachisuca, F. Franz

292. Functional Soil Property Mapping with Electrical Conductivity, Spectral and Satellite Remote Sensors

Proximal electrical conductivity (EC) and spectral sensing has been widely used as a cost-effective tool for soil mapping at field scale. The traditional method of calibrating proximal sensors for functional soil property prediction (e.g., soil organic matter, sand, silt, and clay contents) requires the local soil sample data, which results in a field-specific calibration. In this large-scale study consisting of 126 fields, we found that the traditional local calibration method had suffered w... X. Xiong, D. Myers, J. Debruin, B. Gunzenhauser, N. Sampath, D. Ye, H. Underwood, R. Hensley

293. Fungiprecise - A German Project For Precise Real-Time Fungicide Application In Winter Wheat

Regarding to real-time or online technologies in recent years, new technologies has been introduced into practical farming especially in the field of nitrogen application. These technologies are based on sensors mainly detecting the canopy reflectance. In the field of plant protection, although few sensor-based real-time technologies in weed control and growth regulator application are marked available, solutions for fungicide application are mostly missing currently. Amongst ot... P. Leithold, T. Volk, K. Dammer

294. Fusion Of Multi Exposure Stereo Images And Thermography For Obstacle Detection On Agricultural Vehicles

Introduction Over the years agricultural vehicles become increasingly automated with trajectory row tracking and master-slave vehicle configurations, and autoguided vehicles. Safety is an important aspect. Auto guided vehicles exist in industry, where the surroundings are semistructured and flat. Sopme cars have collision sensors. But in agriculture the ground is not flat.  The vehicles are meant to be driven into crops, and there are certain paths... K. Nielsen, M.R. Nielsen

295. Gamma-ray Spectrometry to Determine Soil Properties for Soil Mapping in Precision Agriculture

Soil maps are critical for various land use applications and form the basis for the successful implementation of precision agriculture in crop production. Soil maps provide the spatial distribution of important soil physical and chemical properties to a farmer. The farmer uses this information to make critical management decisions for profitable and sustainable food production. South Africa is a water scarce country where rainfall is mainly seasonal and unreliable. Under these circumstances, ... J.G. Dreyer, L. Ameglio

296. Generation of Site-specific Nitrogen Response Curves for Winter Wheat Using Deep Learning

Nitrogen response (N-response) curves are tools used to support farm management decisions. Conventionally, the N-response curve is modeled as an exponential function that aims to identify an important threshold for a given field: the economic optimum point. This is useful to determine the nitrogen rate beyond which there is no actual profit for the farmers. In this work, we show that N-response curves are not only field-specific but also site-specific and, as such, economic optimum points sho... G. Morales, J.W. Sheppard, A. Peerlinck, P. Hegedus, B. Maxwell

297. Generic ISOBUS Compliant Precision Agriculture Functionality In A Proprietary Terminal Concept

Due to increasing investment costs for agricultural resources crop input management precise application technologies are exceedingly gaining interests for customers. One approach for increasing efficiency is using common GPS-devices for reducing over- and underlaps during application processes, and to adjust application rate based on predefined application maps. Driven by this, implement manufacturers are heading towards machinery, which is able to control application rate and ac... G. Happich

298. GIS Web and Mobile Development with Interfaces in QGIS for Variable Rate Fertilization

In this paper we described the implementation of a GIS for Precision Agriculture for sugarcane crop in Colombia. An spatial equation for Variable Rate Fertilization Model was defined using as inputs estimated harvest data, nutrients in soil and fertilizer efficiently. Models for soil and harvest variability are also defined. A personalized plugin for precision agriculture was developed into QGIS software, there is the option of upload maps to a Web and mobile app using the Desktop software an... R. Cuitiva baracaldo, O. Munar vivas, G. Carrillo romero

299. GNSS Positioning Techniques For Agriculture

Broadacre, row crop and high value crops each have different positioning needs.  Within these agricultural groups, individual practices such as mapping, guidance and machine control for tillage, application and harvest each have their own Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) needs for an optimal price/performance and value equation.  New research and algorithm development by NovAtel has resulted in a significant simplification of positioning methodology with incr... P.M. Casiano, T.G. Morley, Z. Sadeque

300. Grassland System Impacts on Spatial Variability of Soil Phosphorus in Eastern Canada

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants, including grasslands. However, continuous applications of P fertilizer result in P accumulations in the soil, increasing the risk of P losses through runoff and erosion. Since 2008, more than 31 million tonnes of organic fertilizers, representing more than 95,000 tonnes of P2O5, were applied to agricultural fields in Eastern Canada. Thus, grassland systems were fertilized intensively using organic fertilizers with high ... J.D. Nze memiaghe, A. Cambouris

301. Grazing System and Solar Fences, Innovation and Opportunity in Rangeland of Developing Countries

The future of the development and management of pasture resources depends on increasing the use of scientific innovations. In some countries rangeland livestock production majority relies on natural ecological processes of plant and animal production, despite the progress in all of the infrastructure, rangeland management have a little growth and base on traditional ranching management, grazing livestock is based on a free grazing system. In this study grazing system was applied and electric ... H. Arzani, E. Alizadeh

302. Ground Vehicle Mapping of Fields Using LiDAR to Enable Prediction of Crop Biomass

Mapping field environments into point clouds using a 3D LIDAR has the ability to become a new approach for online estimation of crop biomass in the field. The estimation of crop biomass in agriculture is expected to be closely correlated to canopy heights. The work presented in this paper contributes to the mapping and textual analysis of agricultural fields. Crop and environmental state information can be used to tailor treatments to the specific site. This paper presents the current results... M.P. Christiansen, M.S. Laursen, R.N. Jørgensen, S. Skovsen, R. Gislum

303. Hand-Held Sensor For Measuring Crop Reflectance And Assessing Crop Biophysical Characteristics

Crop vigor is difficult enough to define, let alone characterize and conveniently quantify. The human eye is particularly sensitive to green light, but quantifying subtle differences in plant greenness is subjective and therefore problematic in terms of making definitive management decisions. Plant greenness is one component of crop vigor and leaf area index or the relative ability o... J.S. Schepers, K.H. Holland

304. Harness the Power of the Internet to Improve Yield

It’s rare to find a fertile farm or ranch that has complete cellular coverage across the entirety of its property. Because networking options like Wi-Fi are limited by restricted infrastructure in these areas, maintaining a reliable flow of connectivity is difficult. Yet, even if consistent cellular coverage is available, it’s frequently cost prohibitive for farm monitoring. Similarly, alternate wireless devices that require batteries aren’t practical because of high mainten... M. Finegan, D. Wallace

305. Hay Yield Estimation Using UAV-based Imagery and a Convolutional Neural Network

Yield monitoring systems are widely used commercially in grain crops to map yields at a scale of a few meters. However, such high-resolution yield monitoring and mapping for hay and forage crops has not been commercialized. Most commercial hay yield monitoring systems only obtain the weight of individual bales, making it difficult to map and understand the spatial variability in hay yield. This study investigated the feasibility of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing system ... K. Lee, K.A. Sudduth, J. Zhou

306. Heavy Metal PB2+ Pollution Detection In Soil Using Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy For Precision Agriculture

Soil is an important natural resource for human beings. With the rapid development of modern industry, heavy metals pollution in soil has made prominent influences on farmland environment. It was reported that, one fifth of China's cultivated lands and more than 217,000 farms in the US have been polluted at different levels by heavy metals. The crop grows in the polluted soil and the heavy metal ions transfer from soil to the plant and agro-products. As a result, the crop yi... C. Zhao, B. Li

307. High Accuracy Path Tracking for Rice Drill Seeder in Uneven Paddy Fields

High accuracy track tracing is a challenging task in paddy fields due to uneven grounds as well as wet soil conditions, thus restricting the development of autonomous rice drill seeder in China. For the purpose of overcoming the obstacles in application of autonomous rice drill seeder in paddy fields, a path tracking algorithm with high accuracy used for steering control during straight traveling in uneven mud paddy fields is introduced in this paper. Combining lateral deviation and heading a... Y. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Liu, C. Liu

308. High Resolution Soil Moisture Monitoring Using Active Heat Pulse Method with Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing at Field Scale

Knowledge of spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture is critical for site specific irrigation management at field scale. However, installation feasibility, cost and between-sensor variability restrict the use of many point–based sensors at field scale. Active heat pulse method with fiber optic temperature sensing (AHFO) has shown a potential to provide soil moisture data at sub-meter intervals along a fiber optic cable to a distance >10000 meters. Despite the limited number... A. Biswas, D.N. Vidana gamage, I.B. Strachan

309. How Digital is Agriculture in South America? Adoption and Limitations

A rapidly growing population in a context of land and water scarcity, and climate change has driven an increase in healthy, nutritious, and affordable food demand while maintaining the current cropping area. Digital agriculture (DA) can contribute solutions to meet the demands in an efficient and sustainable way. South America (SA) is one of the main grain and protein producers in the world but the status of DA in the region is unknown. This article presents the results from a systematic revi... G. Balboa, L. Puntel, R. Melchiori, R. Ortega, G. Tiscornia, E. Bolfe, A. Roel, F. Scaramuzza, S. Best, A. Berger, D. Hansel, D. Palacios

310. Identifying and Filtering Out Outliers in Spatial Datasets

Outliers present in the dataset is harmful to the information quality contained in the map and may lead to wrong interpretations, even if the number of outliers to the total data collected is small. Thus, before any analysis, it is extremely important to remove these errors. This work proposes a sequential process model capable of identifying outlier data when compared their neighbors using statistical parameters. First, limits are determined based on the median range of the values of all the... L. Maldaner, J. Molin, T. Tavares, L. Mendez, L. Corrêdo, C. Duarte

311. Identifying Key Factors Influencing Yield Spatial Pattern and Temporal Stability for Management Zone Delineation

Management zone delineation is a practical strategy for site-specific management. Numerous approaches have been used to identify these homogenous areas in the field, including approaches using multiple years of historical yield maps. However, there are still knowledge gaps in identifying variables influencing spatial and temporal variability of crop yield that should be used for management zone delineation. The objective of this study is to identify key soil and landscape properties affecting... L.N. Lacerda, Y. Miao, K. Mizuta, K. Stueve

312. Impact of Cover Crop and Soil Apparent Electrical Conductivity on Cotton Development and Yield

Cotton is one of the major crops in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) of the U.S. Lower Mississippi River Valley region. Because cotton production doesn’t leave a lot of crop residue in the field, low soil organic matter levels are common. While the benefits of crop rotation are well known, cotton is often grown year after year in the same fields for economic reasons. Soils in the region are generally quite variable, with areas of very high sand content. Winter cover crops and reduced ... E. Vories, K. Veum, K. Sudduth

313. Impacts of Interpolating Methods on Soil Agri-environmental Phosphorus Maps Under Corn Production

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for crops production including corn. However, the excessive P application, tends to P accumulation at the soil surface under crops systems. This may contribute to increase water and groundwater pollution by surface runoff. To prevent this, an agri-environmental P index, (P/Al)M3, was developed in Eastern Canada and USA. This index aims to estimate soil P saturation for accurate P fertilizer recommendations, while integrating agronomical aspec... J. Nze memiaghe, A.N. Cambouris, N. Ziadi, M. Duchemin, A. Karam

314. Implementation of a CAN Bus System to Monitor Hydroponic Systems

Controlled Area Network (CAN) bus systems designed for greenhouse monitoring have been proposed to measure soil moisture content, yet they are still absent from hydroponic systems. In this study, irrigation control, monitoring of substrate moisture levels and temperature were achieved using a CAN bus system connected to hydroponic beds. In total, five nodes were mounted on five hydroponic beds and two irrigation methods were compared on lettuce and kale: first, where a pre-set timer activated... P. Tikasz, R.M. Buelvas, M. Lefsrud, V. Adamchuk

315. Improving Active Canopy Sensor-Based In-Season N Recommendation Using Plant Height Information for Rain-Fed Maize in Northeast China

The inefficient utilization of nitrogen (N) fertilizer due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification has resulted in environmental pollution in rain-fed maize production in Northeast China. Active canopy sensor-based in-season N application has been proven effective to meet maize N requirement in space and time. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using active canopy sensor for guiding in in-season N fertilizer recommendation for rain-fed maize in Northeast... X. Wang, Y. Miao, T. Xia, R. Dong, G. Mi, D.J. Mulla

316. Improving Corn Nitrogen Rate Recommendations Through Tool Fusion

 Improving corn (Zea maysL,) nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate recommendation tools can improve farmer’s profits and help mitigate N pollution. One way to improve N recommendation methods is to not rely on a single tool, but to employ two or more tools. Thiscould be thoughtof as “tool fusion”.The objective of this analysis was to improve N management by combining N recommendation tools used for guiding rates for an in-seasonN application. This evaluation ... C.J. Ransom, N.R. Kitchen, J.J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, C.A. Laboski, E.D. Nafziger, J. Shanahan, J.E. Sawyer

317. Improving the Precision of Maize Nitrogen Management Using Crop Growth Model in Northeast China

The objective of this project was to evaluate the ability of the CERES-Maize crop growth model to simulate grain yield response to plant density and N rate for two soil types in Northeast China, with the long-term goal of using the model to identify the optimum plant density and N fertilizer rate forspecific site-years. Nitrogen experiments with six N rates, three plant densities and two soil types were conducted from 2015 to 2017 in Lishu county, Jilin Province in Northeast China. The CERES-... X. Wang, Y. Miao, W.D. Batchelor, R. Dong, D.J. Mulla

318. Improving the Use of Artificial Neural Networks for 
Site-Specific Nitrogen Fertilization

For the planning of site-specific nitrogen fertilization, adequate decision rules are needed. Prerequisite for site specific nitrogen fertilization is the site specific forecast of yield. For this the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) has proven particularly interesting. Therefore, ANN based small-scale yield forecasts are realized in order to deviate the economic optimum of fertilization. The basis of yield forecasts with ANN are different site-specific input variables that have presum... J.S. Hauser, P. Wagner

319. Improving Yield Prediction Accuracy Using Energy Balance Trial, On-the-Go and Remote Sensing Procedure

 Our long term experience in the ~23.5 ha research field since 2001 shows that decision support requires complex databases from each management zone within that field (eg. soil physical and chemical parameters, technological, phenological and meteorological data). In the absence of PA sustainable biomass production cannot be achieved. The size of management zones will be ever smaller. Consequently, the on the go and remote sensing data collection should be preferred.  ... A. Nyéki , G. Milics, A.J. Kovács, M. Neményi, I. Kulmány, S. Zsebő

320. In-Season Decision Support Tools For Estimating Nitrogen Side-Dress Rates For Maize (Zea Mays L.)

Nitrogen fertilizer has been synthetically produced to nourish plants, increase yield and improve harvest quality. One of the way to increase NUE is called split application which is apply portion of N fertilizer from the beginning and apply another portion during vegetative stage (V4-V6). Improving accuracy of corn side dress N rate recommendations can improve profitability and reduce potential negative environmental impacts of over fertilization. The objective of this experime... B. Chim

321. In-season Diagnosis of Winter Wheat Nitrogen Status Based on Rapidscan Sensor Using Machine Learning Coupled with Weather Data

Nitrogen nutrient index (NNI) is widely used as a good indicator to evaluate the N status of crops in precision farming. However, interannual variation in weather may affect vegetation indices from sensors used to estimate NNI and reduce the accuracy of N diagnostic models. Machine learning has been applied to precision N management with unique advantages in various variables analysis and processing. The objective of this study is to improve the N status diagnostic model for winter wheat by c... J. Lu, Z. Chen, Y. Miao, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Zhao, M. Jia

322. In-season Nitrogen Management of Maize Based on Nitrogen Status and Lodging Risk Prediction

Development of effective precision nitrogen (N) management strategies is crucially important for food security and sustainable development. Lodging is one of the major constraints to increasing maize yield that can be induced by strong winds, and is also influenced by management practices, like N rate. When making in-season N application decisions, lodging risk should be considered to avoid yield loss. Little has been reported on in-season N management strategies that also incorporate lodging... R. Dong, Y. Miao, X. Wang

323. In-Season Nitrogen Requirement For Maize Using Model And Sensor-Based Recommendation Approaches

Nitrogen (N), an essential element, is often limiting to plant growth.  There is great value in determining the optimum quantity and timing of N application to meet crop needs while minimizing losses.  Low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including poor synchrony between N fertilizer and crop demand, unaccounted for spatial variability resulting in varying crop N needs, and temporal variances in crop N needs.  Applying a portion... L.J. Stevens, R.B. Ferguson, D.W. Franzen, N.R. Kitchen

324. Increasing Corn (Zea Mays L.) Profitability by Site-Specific Seed and Nutrient Management in Igmand-Kisber Basin, Hungary

Variable Rate Technology (VRT) in seeding and nutrient management has been developed in order to apply crop inputs variably. Farm equipment is widely available to manage in-field variability in Hungary, however, defining management zones, seed rates and amounts of nutrients is still a challenge. An increasing number of growers in Hungary have started adopting precision agriculture technology; however, data on profitability concerning site-specific seeding and nitrogen management is not widely... G. Milics, S. Szabó, K. Bűdi, A. Takács, V. Láng, S. Zsebo

325. Increasing Precision Irrigation Efficacy for Row Crop Agriculture Through the Use of Artificial Intelligence

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of the world’s available fresh water resources. With fresh water scarcity increasing worldwide, more efficient use for irrigation water is necessary. Precision irrigation is described as the application of water to meet crop needs of a specific area, at the right amount and at the time that is optimum for crop health and management objectives. Irrigation becomes increasingly efficient through the use of precision irrigation tools. Howe... E. Bedwell

326. Increasing Profitability & Sustainability of Maize Using Site-Specific Crop Management in New Zealand

Precision agriculture (PA) tools and techniques have been used in New Zealand (NZ) since the early 1990's. There has been wide-scale uptake of some PA tools such as autosteer; planter and sprayer section control; and variable-rate irrigation. However, there has been a limited uptake of Site-Specific Crop Management (SSCM) using variable-rate seeding, nutrient and lime applications to different Management Zones (MZ). This paper outlines examples of the use of SSCM on maize crops,... A.W. Holmes, G. Jiang

327. Increasing the Accuracy of UAV-Based Remote Sensing Data for Strawberry Nitrogen and Water Stress Detection

This paper presents the methods to increase the accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)-based remote sensing data for the determination of plant nitrogen and water stresses with increased accuracy. As the demand for agricultural products is significantly increasing to keep up with the growing population, it is important to investigate methods to reduce the use of water and chemicals for water conservation, reduction in the production cost, and reduction in environmental impact. UAV-based r... S. Bhandari, A. Raheja

328. Influence of Planter Downforce Setting and Ground Speed on Seeding Depth and Plant Spacing Uniformity of Corn

Uniform seed placement improves seed-to-soil contact and requires proper selection of downforce control across varying field conditions. At faster ground speeds, downforce changes and it becomes critical to select the level of planter downforce settings to achieve the desired consistency of seed placement during planting. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of ground speed and downforce setting on seeding depth and plant spacing and to evaluate the relationship of ground spee... A. Sharda, S. Badua, I. Ciampitti, R. Strasser, T.W. Griffin

329. Innovative Assessment of Cluster Compactness in Wine Grapes from Automated On-the-Go Proximal Sensing Application

Grape cluster compactness affects berry ripening homogeneity, fungal disease incidence, grape composition and wine quality. Therefore, assessing cluster compactness is crucial for sorting wine grapes for the wine industry. Nowadays, cluster compactness assessing methodology is based either on visual inspection performed by trained evaluators (OIV method) or on morphological features of clusters. The goal of this work was to develop an innovative and automated, non-destructive method to assess... J. Tardaguila, F. Palacios, M. Diago, E.A. Moreda

330. Instrumented Blades With Automated Control Used In Chisel Plough Acting In Variable Depths

Soil compaction is a problem that affects most of the tilled areas of Brazil, being caused by several factors, such as overloading and intense machine traffic, use of unsuitable tires for applied load and inflation pressures outside the recommendation, machines in the field with the water content of the soil not recommended and several other problems. There are available several models and systems of measuring soil compaction in Brazil; however, the sensors of t... K.P. Lanças, J. Testa, B.B. Fernandes, T.M. Machado

331. Integration of Proximal and Remote Sensing Data for Site-Specific Management of Wild Blueberry

In Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, there are nearly 27,000 ha of wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). This production is carried out in fields with heterogeneous growing conditions due to the local changes in topography, key soil properties, and crop density. The main objective of this study was to develop a regression-based approach to site-specific management (SSM) by integrating proximally and remotely sensed data layers, namely, apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), field elevati... A. Johnston, V. Adamchuk, A. Biswas, A. Cambouris, J. Lafond, I. Perron

332. Integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems Images and Yield Monitor in Improving Cotton Yield Estimation

The yield monitor is one of the most adopted precision agriculture technologies because it generates dense yield data to quantify the spatial variability of crop yield as a basis for site-specific management. However, yield monitor data has various errors that prevent proper interpretation and precise field management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) images in improving cotton yield monitor data. The study was conducted in a dryland... H. Gu, W. Guo

333. Introducing An Integrated Framework To Optimize Cotton Variable Rate Irrigation In Humid Regions

Management of supplemental irrigation in humid regions is critical because both over and under estimation of the irrigation water requirement can cause cotton lint yield reduction. Spatial variation of the soil physical characteristics is significant in west Tennessee hence precision irrigation strategies should be applied to achieve the optimum lint yield. Despite the significant enhancement in instrumentation and measurements, there are several challenges that need t... A. Haghverdi, B.G. Leib

334. Introducing Precision Ag Tools to Over-100 Year Old Historical Experiment

The historic Knorr-Holden experimental site near Scottsbluff, Nebraska, US, established in 1912 is the oldest irrigated maize plot in North America. Over years, the treatment has been revised a few times to reflect and address contemporary practices. The N fertilization is found to be capable of restoring most of production capacity of the soil. After a full century of the experiment, in 2014, N treatments were revised again. Now, the experiment is a split-plot randomized complete block desig... B. Maharjan

335. Introducing Precision Agriculture To High School Students In Australia

There is a growing need for tertiary qualified graduates in the Australian agricultural industry with only 7% of those employed in the sector holding a tertiary qualification compared to over 25% for the national workforce. With the need to greatly increase food and fibre production to feed and clothe a growing global population, and the adoption of precision agriculture technologies playing a huge part in this task, it is worrying that the demand for tertiary courses in agriculture in A... M.G. Trotter, A.M. Cosby

336. Invasive and Non-Invasive Technology for Measuring Water Content of Crop Leaves in Greenhouse Horticulture

Moisture status in the crop is closely related to various physiological activities of the crop. If we can measure the moisture status in the crop in real time, we can understand the photosynthetic activity, which is an important physiological activity for growing crops, and the movement of the product from photosynthesis. Therefore, we verified it is possible to measure water content of crop leaves nondestructively using invasive method and non-invasive method. As a non-invasive measurement m... H. Umeda, K. Muramatsu, Y. Kawagoe, T. Sugihara, S. Shibusawa, Y. Iwasaki

337. Investigate the Optimal Plot Length in On-Farm Trials

Agronomic researchers have recently begun running large-scale, on-farm field trials that employ new technologies that enable us to conduct hundreds of farm trials all over the world and, by extension, rigorous quantitative and data-centered analysis.  The large-scale, on-farm trials follow traditional small-plot trials where the fields are divided into plots, and different treatments are randomly assigned to each plot. Over the past two years, researchers have been designing trials with ... A. Gong

338. Investigating Spatial Relationship of Apparent Electrical Conductivity with Turfgrass and Soil Characteristics in Sand-capped Golf Course Fairways

Turfgrass quality decreases when grown on fine textured soils that are irrigated with poor quality water. As a result, sand-capping (i.e., a sand layer above existing native soil) is now considered during golf course fairway renovation and construction. Mapping spatial variability of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) has recently been suggested to have applications for precision turfgrass management (PTM) in native soil fairways, but sand-capped fairways have received les... C. Straw, B. Wyatt, A.P. Smith, K. Watkins, S. Hong, W. Floyd, D. Williams, C. Garza, T. Jansky

339. Investigating the Potential of Visible and Near-infrared Spectroscopy (VNIR) for Detecting Phosphorus Status of Winter Wheat Leaves Grown in Long-term Trial

The determination of plant nutrient content is crucial for evaluating crop nutrient removal, enhancing nutrient use efficiency, and optimizing yields. Nutrient conventional monitoring involves colorimetric analyses in the laboratory; however, this approach is labor-intensive, costly, and time-consuming. The visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIR) or hyperspectral non-imaging sensors have been an emerging technology that has been proved its potential for rapid detection of plant nutrient... Y. El-mejjaouy, B. Dumont, A. Oukarroum, B. Mercatoris , P. Vermeulen

340. Investigation of Automated Analysis of Snowmelt from Time-series Sentinel 2 Imagery to Inform Spatial Patterns of Spring Soil Moisture in the American Mountain West

Variable rate irrigation of crops is a promising approach for saving water whilst maintaining crop yields in the semi-arid American Mountain West – much of which is currently experiencing a mega drought. The first step in determining irrigation zones involves characterizing the patterns of spatial variation in soil moisture and determining if these are relatively stable temporally in relation to topographic features and soil texture. Characterizing variable rate irrigation zones is usua... I. Turner, R. Kerry, R. Jensen, E. Woolley, N. Hansen, B. Hopkins

341. Is Row-unit Vibration Affected by Planter Speeds and Downforce?

Row-unit vibration is an issue created mainly by planter`s opening disks and gauge-wheels contact with the ground. Variability on row-unit vibration could interfere on seed metering and delivery process, affecting crop emergence and final stand. With the amount of embedded technology present on planters, producers are being encouraged to increase planting speeds, which is also one of the main factors for row-unit vibration increasement. In this way, knowing the proper speeds, and using other ... L.P. Oliveira, B.V. Ortiz, G.T. Morata, T. Squires, J. Jones

342. Joint Structure and Colour Based Parametric Classification of Grapevine Organs from Proximal Images Through Several Critical Phenological Stages

Proximal colour imaging is the most time and cost-effective automated technology to acquire high-resolution data describing accurately the trellising plane of grapevine. The available textural information is meaningful enough to provide altogether the assessment of additional agronomic parameters that are still estimated either manually or with dedicated and expensive instrumentations. This paper proposes a new framework for the classification of the different organs visible in the trellising... F.Y. Abdelghafour, R. Rosu, B. Keresztes, C. Germain, J. Da costa

343. Knowledge-based Approach for Weed Detection Using RGB Imagery

A workflow was developed to explore the potential use of Phase One RGB for weed mapping in a herbicide efficacy trial in wheat. Images with spatial resolution of 0.8 mm were collected in July 2020 over an area of nearly 2000 square meters (66 plots). The study site was on a research farm at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Wheat was seeded on June 29, 2020, at a rate of 75 seeds per square meter with a row spacing of 30.5 cm. The weed species seeded in the trial were kochia, wild oat, ... T. Ha, K. Aldridge, E. Johnson, S.J. Shirtliffe, S. Ryu

344. Laser Triangulation for Crop Canopy Measurements

From a Precision Agriculture perspective, it is important to detect field areas where variabilities in the soil are significant or where there are different levels of crop yield or biomass. Information describing the behavior of the crop at any specific point in the growing season typically leads to improvements in the manner the local variabilities are addressed. The proper use of dense, in-season sensor data allows farm managers to optimize harvest plans and shipment schedules under variabl... R.M. Buelvas, V.I. Adamchuk

345. Late Season Imagery for Harvest Management

The overall objective of this project was to preliminarily assess the use of UAV-based thermal imagery to sense harvest-related factors.  Results suggested that thermal imagery can be used to detect areas of high grain moisture content late in the harvest season.  Time periods closer to physiological maturity were less likely to show significant differences in thermal imagery data.  Additional research is needed to determine if moisture content trends with other measurable quan... J. Ward, G. Roberson, R. Phillips

346. Learn, Share, Connect and Be Inspired: How One Farming Group in Australia is Driving PA Adoption

The use of Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies and techniques continues to expand in Australia. The Society of Precision Agriculture Australia (SPAA) has been instrumental in driving the adoption and development of these techniques to support industry and Australian farming communities. SPAA supports innovation, and innovation includes people. Founded in 2002, SPAA, a not for profit extension body, is Australia’s only dedicated farming group communicating and advocating fo... N.F. Dimos, J.K. Koch

347. Levels of Inclusion of Crambe Meal (Crambe Abyssinica Hochst) in Sheep Diet on the Balance of Nitrogen and Ureic Nitrogen in the Blood Serum

Crambe meal, which is a co-product of biodiesel production, is a potential substitute for conventional protein sources in ruminant diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of crude protein of the concentrate by crude protein of crambe meal with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, and 75%) on nitrogen balance and blood plasma urea nitrogen concentration in sheep. Four male sheep, rumen fistulated, were placed in metabolic crates and distributed in a 4 x 4 Lat... K.K. De azevedo, D.M. Figueiredo, M.G. De sousa, G.M. Dallago, R.R. Silveira, L.D. Da silva, L.N. Rennó, R.A. Santos

348. Limitations of Yield Monitor Data to Support Field-scale Research

Precision agriculture adoption on farms continues to grow globally on farms.  Today, yield monitors have become standard technologies on grain, cotton and sugarcane harvesters.  In recent years, we have seen industry and even academics leveraging the adoption of precision agriculture technologies to conduct field-scale, on-farm research.  Industry has been a primary driver of the increase in on-farm research globally through the development of software to support on-farm resear... J.P. Fulton, S.A. Shearer, A. Gauci, A. Lindsey, D. Barker, E. Hawkins

349. Low Cost Smartphone Camera Accessory to Digitally Measure Leaf Color for Crop Nitrogen Status Assessment

Crop nitrogen (N) status is a desirable information for crop nutrition management. In addition to the traditional leaf sampling with subsequent laboratory analysis, the use of chlorophyll meters is a well-studied and accepted practice to indirectly measure crop N status. Nevertheless, chlorophyll meters are dedicated devices that still cost at least a few hundred dollars, thus being unsuitable to large scale use among low budget smallholders. Aiming to address this issue, a new low cost smart... G. Portz, S. Reusch, J. Jasper

350. Machine Learning Techniques for Early Identification of Nitrogen Variability in Maize

Characterizing and managing nutrient variability has been the focus of precision agriculture research for decades. Previous research has indicated that in-situ fluorescence sensor measurements can be used as a proxy for nitrogen (N) status in plants in greenhouse conditions employing static sensor measurements. Indeed, practitioners of precision N management require determination of in-season plant N status in real-time at field scale to enable the most efficient N fertiliz... D. Mandal, R.D. Siqueira, L. Longchamps, R. Khosla

351. Machine Monitoring As a Smartfarming Concept Tool

Current development trends are associated with the digitization of production processes and the interconnection of individual information layers from multiple sources into common databases, contexts and functionalities. In order to automatic data collection  of machine operating data, the farm tractors were equipped with monitoring units ITineris for continuous collection and transmission of information from tractors CAN Bus. All data sets are completed with GPS location data. Acrea... M. Kroulik, V. Brant, P. Zabransky, J. Chyba, V. Krcek, M. Skerikova

352. Main Stream Precision Farming - 7.000 VRA Maps for Winter Rapeseed

SEGES is owned by the Danish farmers and is an agricultural advisory centre advising landowners with a total of 2.1 mill hectare. One of SEGES’s goals is to make precision farming mainstream. One step in the process of making precision farming mainstream was in 2016 to give all farmers access to the free internet application CropSAT.dk. Here farmers can make variable rate application (VRA) maps based on satellite data from Sentinel-2. But this is not enough to m... R. Hoerfarter

353. Making Irrigator Pro an Adaptive Irrigation Decision Support System

Irrigator Pro is a public domain irrigation scheduling model developed by the USDA-ARS National Peanut Research Laboratory. The latest version of the model uses either matric potential sensors to estimate the plant’s available soil water or manual data input. In this project, a new algorithm is developed, which will provide growers and consultants with much more flexibility in how they can feed data to the model. The new version will also run with Volumetric Water Content sensors, givin... I. Gallios, G. Vellidis, C. Butts

354. Management Zone Delineation for Irrigation Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Images and Field Properties

This paper presents a case study of the first application of the dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) System developed by the University of Georgia to cotton. The system consists of the EZZone management zone software, the University of Georgia Smart Sensor Array (UGA SSA) and an irrigation scheduling decision support tool. An experiment was conducted in 2017 in a cotton field to evaluate the performance of the system in cotton. The field was divided into four parallel strips. All four stri... V. Liakos, G. Vellidis, L. Lacerda, W. Porter, M. Tucker, C. Cox

355. Management Zone-specific N Mineralization Rate Estimation in Unamended Soil

Since nitrogen (N) mineralization from soil organic matter is governed by basic soil properties (soil organic matter content, pH, soil texture, …) that are known to exhibit strong in-field spatial variability, N mineralization is also expected to exhibit significant spatial variability at field scale. An ideal and efficient N recommendation for precision fertilization should therefore account for potential soil mineralizable N considering this spatial variability. Therefore, this study... F.Y. Ruma, M.A. Munnaf, S. De neve, A.M. Mouazen

356. Management Zones Delineation In Brazilian Citrus Orchards

Precision Agriculture (PA) is in its first steps in Brazil citrus production. Variable rate fertilization based on soil grid sampling and yield maps has been tested in São Paulo orchards. In a long term study results showed potential on increasing fertilizer use efficiency and improving soil fertility management. Despite the good results, in some cases it is noticed that systematic methods of investigation (grid sampling and yield data) and prescription (standardized prescription ... M. Ruiz, D. Yida, J.P. Molin, A.F. Colaço

357. Managing the Kansas Mesonet for Site Specific Weather Information

Weather data has become one of the most widely discussed layers in precision agriculture especially in terms of agricultural ‘big data’. However, most farmers (and even other researchers outside of meteorology) are not likely aware of the complexities required to maintain weather stations that provide data. These stations are exposed to the elements 24/7 and provide unique challenges for sustainment during extreme weather conditions. Based upon decades of experience, this paper di... T. Griffin, C. Redmond, M. Knapp

358. Map Whiteboard As Collaboration Tool for Smart Farming Advisory Services

Precision agriculture, a branch of smart farming, holds great promise for modernization of European agriculture both in terms of environmental sustainability and economic outlook.  The vast data archives made available through Copernicus and related infrastructures, combined with a low entry threshold into the domain of AI-technologies has made it possible, if not outright easy, to make meaningful predictions that divides  individual agricultural fields into zones where variable rat... K. Charvat, R. Berzins, R. Bergheim, F. Zadrazil, J. Macura, D. Langovskis, H. Snevajs, H. Kubickova, S. Horakova, K. Charvat jr.

359. Mapping Cotton Plant Height Using Digital Surface Models Derived from Overlapped Airborne Imagery

High resolution aerial images captured from unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) are recently being used to measure plant height over small test plots for phenotyping, but airborne images from manned aircraft have the potential for mapping plant height more practically over large fields. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility to measure cotton plant height from digital surface models (DSMs) derived from overlapped airborne imagery and compare the image-based estimates with ... C. Yang

360. Mapping Leaf Area Index of Maize in Tasseling Stage Based on Beer-Lambert Law and Landsat-8 Image

Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the important structural parameters of crop population, which could be used to monitor the variety of crop canopy structure and analyze photosynthesis rate. Mapping leaf area index of maize in a large scale by using remote sensing technology is very important for management of fertilizer and water, monitoring growth change and predicting yield. The Beer-Lambert law has been preliminarily applied to develop inversion model of crop LAI, and has achieved good appl... X. Gu, S. Wang, G. Yang, X. Xu

361. Mapping Soil Health and Grain Quality Variations Across a Corn Field in Texas

Soil health is a key property of soils influencing grain yield and quality. Within-field mapping of soil health index and grain quality can help farmers and managers to adjust site-specific farm management decisions for economic benefits. A study was conducted to map within-field soil health and grain protein and oil content variations using apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and terrain attributes as their predictors. Two hundred and two topsoil samples were analyzed to determine soil he... K. Adhikari, D.R. Smith, C. Hajda, P.R. Owens

362. MDPI - Agriculture and Agronomy Journals

... N. Nišavić

363. Measuring And Mapping Sugarcane Gaps

Sugarcane is an important crop in tropical regions of the world and especially for Brazil, the largest sugar supplier in the market, also running a domestic fleet of flex-fuel driven vehicles based on ethanol. Site specific production management can impact sugarcane production by increasing yield and reducing cost. Sugarcane fields are planted each five years, in average, and an important parameter that is measured after the planting operation is the gaps caused by problems during planti... J.P. Veiga, D.S. Cavalcante, J.P. Molin

364. Measuring Soil Carbon with Intensive Soil Sampling and Proximal Profile Sensing

Soils have a large carbon storage capacity and sequestering additional carbon in agricultural fields can reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere, helping to mitigate climate change. Efforts are underway to incentivize agricultural producers to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in their fields using various conservation practices.  These practices and the increased SOC provide important additional benefits including improved soil health, water quality and – in some cases –... E. Lund, T. Lund, C. Maxton

365. Measuring Soil Carbon with Intensive Soil Sampling and Proximal Profile Sensing

Measuring soil carbon is currently a subject of significant interest due to soil’s ability to sequester carbon and reduce atmospheric CO2. The cost of conventional soil sampling and analysis along with the number of samples required make proximal sensing an appealing option.  To properly evaluate the performance of proximal sensing of soil carbon, a detailed lab-analyzed carbon inventory is needed to serve as the ‘gold standard’ in evaluating sensor estimations.  F... E. Lund

366. Meta Deep Learning Using Minimal Training Images for Weed Classification in Wild Blueberry

Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained popularity in recent years for their ability to classify images with high levels of accuracy. In agriculture, they have been applied for disease identification, crop growth monitoring, animal behaviour tracking, and weed classification. Datasets traditionally consisting of thousands of images of each desired target are required to train CNNs. A recent survey of Nova Scotia wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fie... P.J. Hennessy, T.J. Esau, A.W. Schumann, A.A. Farooque, Q.U. Zaman, S.N. White

367. Micro-climate Prediction System Using IoT Data and AutoML

Microclimate variables like temperature, humidity are sensitive to land surface properties and land-atmosphere connections. They can vary over short distances and even between sections of the farm. Getting the accurate microclimate around the crop canopy allows farmers to effectively manage crop growth. However, most of the weather forecast services available to farmers globally, either by the meteorological department or universities or some weather app,  provide weather forecasts for l... A. Sharma, R.S. Jalem, M. Dash

368. Minnesota Corn Growers Association

With more than 6,500 members, the Minnesota Corn Growers Association is one of the largest grassroots farm organizations in the United States. Working in close partnership with the Minnesota Corn Research & Promotion Council, MCGA identifies and promotes opportunities for Minnesota’s 24,000 corn farmers while building connections with the non-farming public. We accomplish this by investing in third-party research that focuses on water quality and soil health, targeted consumer outre... M. Kazula

369. Modeling Canopy Light Interception For Estimating Yield In Almond And Walnut Trees

A knowledge of spatio-temporal variability in potential yield is essential for site-specific nutrient management in crop production. The objectives of this project were to develop a model for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by almond and walnut trees based on data obtained from respective tree(s) and estimate potential crop yield in individual trees or in blocks of five trees. This project uses proximally sensed PAR interception data measured using a lightb... R. Dhillon, S. Upadhyaya, J. Roach, K. Crawford, B. lampinen, S. Metcalf, F. Rojo

370. Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variability of Cotton Yield Using DSSAT for Decision Support in Precision Agriculture

The quantification of spatial and temporal variability of cotton yield provides critical information for optimizing resources, especially water. The Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas is a major cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production region with diminishing water supply. The objective of this study was to predict cotton yield variability using soil properties and topographic attributes. The DSSAT CROPGRO-Cotton model was used to simulate cotton growth, development and yield ... B.P. Ghimire, O. Adedeji, Z. Lin, W. Guo

371. Modelling 'Concord' Berry Weight Dynamics

The growth and development of Concord (Vitis labruscana Bailey) depends on internal and external factors. As a result, both vegetative and reproductive cycles of Concord vary based on growing season and vine status. Fresh berry weight also fluctuates depending on the growing season and location of the vineyard. Knowledge of berry weight dynamics across growing season is essential to accurately predict final yield at harvest based on early season crop estimates. The main objective of this stud... G. Badr, T.R. Bates

372. Modifying Agro-Economic Models to Predict Effects of Spatially Varying Nitrogen on Wheat Yields for a Farm in Western Australia

Agricultural research in broadacre farming in Western Australia has a strong history, resulting in a significant public resource of knowledge about biophysical processes affecting crop performance. However, translation of this knowledge into improved on-farm decision making remains a challenge to the industry. Online and mobile decision support tools to assist tactical farm management decisions are not widely adopted, for reasons including: (1) they take too much time and training to learn; a... F.H. Evans, J. Andrew, C. Scanlan, S. Cook

373. Modulated On-farm Response Surface Experiments with Image-based High Throughput Techniques for Evidence-based Precision Agronomy

Agronomic research is vital to determining optimum inputs for crops to perform profitably at a local scale. However, the small-plot experiment validity is often uncertain due to on-farm variations. Furthermore, the likelihood of conducting a fully randomized trial at a local farm is low given various practical and technical challenges. We propose a new methodology with many inputs to allow for a response surface that fits the yield response to the input levels with higher accuracy to make on-... A.U. Attanayake, E.U. Johnson, H.U. Duddu, S.U. Shirtliffe

374. Monitoring Potassium Levels in Peat-Grown Pineapple Using Selected Spectral Ratios

In this study, we assessed the biophysical changes within pineapple (var. MD2) in response to different potassium (K) rates using a hyperspectral approach. K deficiency was detected at 171 days after planting. Shortage of K also exhibited a shift in red edge towards shorter wavelengths between 500-700 nm. In addition, spectral ranges of 430 nm and 680 nm, as well as 680-752 nm were found to be most effective in differentiating spectral response to varying K rates. Three vegetation indices, i.... S.K. Balasundram, Y. Chong, A. Mohd hanif

375. Monitoring Ratio Of Leaf Carbon To Nitrogen In Winter Wheat Based On Hyperspectral Measurements

The metabolic status of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as two essential elements of crop plants has significant influence on the ultimate formation of yield and quality in crop production. Leaf is the major organ of plant photosynthesis and physiological activity, and in leaf tissues the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N), defined as the ratio of LCC (leaf carbon concentration) to LNC (leaf nitrogen concentration), can... X. Xu

376. Monitoring Soybean Growth and Yield Due to Topographic Variation Using UAV-Based Remote Sensing

Remote sensing has been used as an important tool in precision agriculture. With the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, collection of high-resolution site-specific field data becomes promising. Field topography affects spatial variation in soil organic carbon, nitrogen and water content, which ultimately affect crop performance. To improve crop production and reduce inputs to the field, it is critical to collect site-specific information in a real-time manner and at a la... J. Zhou, K.A. Sudduth, A. Feng

377. Multi-sensor Imagery Fusion for Pixel-by-pixel Water Stress Mapping

Evaluating water stress in agricultural fields is fundamental in irrigation decision-making, especially mapping the in-field water stress variability as it allows real-time detection of system failures or avoiding yield loss in cases of unplanned water stress. Water stress mapping by remote sensing imagery is commonly associated with the thermal or the short-wave-infra-red (SWIR) bands. However, integration of multi-sensors imagery such as radar imagery or sensors with only visible and near-i... O. Beeri, R. Pelta, Z. Sade, T. Shilo

378. Multi-Temporal Yield Pattern Analysis - Adaption of Pattern Recognition to Agronomic Data

In precision agriculture, the understanding of yield variability, both spatial and temporal, can deliver essential information for the decision making of site-specific crop management. Since commercial yield mapping started in the early 1990s, most research studies have focused on spatial variance or short-term temporal variance analyzed statistically in order to produce trend maps. Nowadays, longer records of high-quality yield data are available offering a new potential to evaluate yield va... G. Blasch, J.A. Taylor

379. Multilayer And Multiyear Data Analysis In Precision Yield Planning

This work covers two separate field experiments. In the first one, the results of 1-ha grid soil analysis for soil organic matter (OM), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrate N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and soluble salts were compared with the results of yield mapping, biomass index from optical on-the-go sensors, as well as multispectral imagery analysis for the last 30 years.  As a result, it was found that none of the analyzed soil characteristics was predominant for determining yiel... A. Melnitchouck

380. Multispectral Assessment of Chickpea in the Northern Great Plains

Chickpea is an increasingly important crop in the Montana agricultural system. From 2017 to 2021 the U.S. has planted an average of about 492,000 acres per year with Montana chickpea production accounting for around 44% of the U.S. total (USDA/NASS QuickStats accessed on 2/11/2021). This has led to an increase in breeding efforts for elite varieties adapted to the unique conditions in the Northern Great Plains. Breeding of chickpea often relies on traditional phenotyping techniques that are l... J.M. Vetch

381. Multitemporal Satellite Imaging To Support Near Real-Time Precision Farming

This paper presents a 2014 update on the DMC constellation of optical satellite sensors and how they are exploited for various types of agricultural monitoring. Thousands of farmers around the world are exploiting this powerful data source for the management of crops, enabled by specialist service providers which convert the imagery into meaningful biophysical measurements and spatially variable nitrogen/irrigation recommendations. The paper also looks ahead to future ... G. Holmes

382. Multivariate Geostatistics As A Tool To Estimate Physical And Chemical Soil Properties With Reduced Sampling In Area Planted With Sugarcane

Precision Agriculture (PA) can be described as a set of tools and techniques applied to agriculture in order to enable localized production management, considering the spatial and temporal variability of crop fields. Among the numerous existing tools, one of the most important ones is the use of geostatistics, whose main objective is the description of spatial patterns and estimation data in non-sampled places. Nowadays, one of the most limiting factors to t... G.M. Sanches, P.S. Graziano magalhaes, H.C. Franco, A.Z. Remacre

383. N-management Using Structural Data: UAV-derived Crop Height As an Estimator for Biomass, N Concentration, and N Uptake in Winter Wheat

In the last 15 years, sensors mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been intensively investigated for crop monitoring. Besides known remote sensing approaches based on multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, photogrammetric methods became very important. Structure for Motion (SfM) and Multiview Stereopsis (MVS) analysis approaches enable the quantitative determination of absolute crop height and crop growth. Since the first paper on UAV-derived crop height was published by Bendig e... G. Bareth, A. Jenal, H. Hüging

384. NDVI 'Depression' In Pastures Following Grazing

Pasture biomass estimation from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using ground, air or space borne sensors is becoming more widely used in precision agriculture. Proximal active optical sensors (AOS) have the potential to eliminate the confounding effects of path radiance and target illumination conditions typically encountered using passive sensors. Any algorithm that infers the green fraction of pasture from NDVI must factor in plant morphology and live/dead plant ratio, irrespe... J.S. Stanley, D.W. Lamb, M.G. Trotter, M.M. Rahman

385. Near-Real-Time Remote Sensing And Yield Monitoring Of Biomass Crops

The demand for bioenergy crops production has increased tremendously by the biofuel industry for substitution of traditional fuels due to the economic availability and environmental benefits. Pre-Harvest monitoring of biomass production is necessary to develop optimized instrumentation and data processing systems for crop growth, health and stress monitoring; and to develop algorithms for field operation scheduling. To cope with the problems of missing criti... Y. Zhao, L. Li, K.C. Ting, L.F. Tian, T. Ahamed

386. New Innovation Approaches In Precision Farming – The Example Of The Base Fertilization Process

Nowadays, innovations in Precision Farming are mostly bound to further developments and new solution approaches on the technical level. However, for efficient service provision it is important to work on strategies for application of these technologies. To satisfy customers’ demands for highly specialized methods and detailed results collaboration between various companies in service consortiums is often required. In doing so, every company can provide its proven and evidentially e... J. Friedrich, M. Becker, M.F. Schneider, S. Klingner

387. Next in Precision Agriculture: Detecting and Correcting Pixels with Machinery Track Line Within Farms

With more satellites orbiting the earth, monitoring of fields using satellite data has become easier and ubiquitous. Frequent observations of a field can provide vital cues about field health and management practices. However, farm analytical statistics derived from such datasets often need modification to create practical applications. This paper focuses on the detection and removal of field machinery track line pixels to reduce their effect on satellite-based agronomic recommendation and pr... G. Rathee, M. Sielenkemper

388. NIRS Sensor Controlled Total-Mixed-Ration For Nutrient Optimized Feeding Of Dairy Cattle

The exact regulation of dry matter, energy and ingredients in fodder rations provides a large advantage in order to optimize an economical animal nutrition. Feed mixer wagons are used to feed Gras and Maize silage together with other components. It can be used in combination with a transponder system for feed concentrate as well as for feeding of a total mixed ration. The online measurement system based on NIR-spectrometric sensors to measure DM-content and other nutrients shoul... P. Büscher, P. Twickler, D. Marquering, M. Müller, D. Maack

389. Nitrogen Fertilisation Recommendations : Could They Be Improved Using Stochastically Generated Climates In Conjunction With Crop Models ?

In the context of precision nitrogen (N) management, to ensure that the yield potential could be reached each year, farmers have too often applied quantities of fertilizers much larger than what was strictly required. However, since 2002, the Belgian Government transposed the European Nitrate Directive 91/676/EEC in the Belgian law, with the aim to maintain the productivity and the revenue of Belgian's farmers while reducing the environmental impact of excessive N management... B. Basso, J. Destain, B. Bodson, M. Destain, B. Dumont

390. Nitrogen Fertilization of Potato Using Management Zone in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Potato is sensible to nitrogen (N) and optimal N fertilization improve the tuber yield and its quality. Potato crop N response varies widely within fields. It is also well recognized that significant spatial and temporal variation in soil N availability occurs within crop fields. However, uniform application of N fertilizer is still the most common practice under potato production. Management zone (MZ) approach can help growers to achieve a part of this. The goal of the project is to compare ... A. Cambouris, M. Duchemin, N. Ziadi

391. Nitrogen Placement Considerations for Maize Production in the Eastern US Cornbelt

Proper fertilizer placement is essential to optimize crop performance and amount of applied nitrogen (N) along with crop yield potential. There exists several practices currently used in both research within farming operations on how and when to apply N to maize (Zea mays L). Split applications of N in Ohio is popular with farmers and provides an economic benefit but more recently some farmers have been using mid- and late-season N fertilizer applications for their maize production.&... J.P. Fulton, E. Hawkins, S. Shearer, A. Klopfenstein, J. Hartschuh, S. Custer

392. Nitrogen Sensing by Using Spectral Reflectance Measurements in Cereal Rye Canopy

Cereal rye (cereale secale L.) is a winter crop well suited for cultivation especially besides high yield areas because of its relatively low demands on the soil and on the climate as well. In 2016 about 4.9% of arable land in Germany was cultivated with cereal rye (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2017). Unlike other crops such as wheat, there is little research on cereal rye for site specific farming. Furthermore, also in a cereal rye cultivation it is necessary to minimize nitrogen loss.... M. Strenner, F.X. Maidl, K.J. Hülsbergen

393. Nitrogen Status Prediction on Pasture Fields Can Be Reached Using Visible Light UAV Data Combined with Sentinel-2 Imagery

Pasture fields under integrated crop-livestock system usually receive low or no nitrogen fertilization rates, since the expectation is that nitrogen demand will be provided by the soybean remaining straw cropped previously. However, keeping nitrogen at suitable levels in the entire field is the key to achieving sustainability in agricultural production systems. In this sense, remote sensing technologies play an essential role in nitrogen monitoring in pastures and crops. With the launch of th... F.R. Pereira, J.P. Lima, R.G. Freitas, A.A. Dos reis, L.R. Amaral, G.K. Figueiredo, R.A. Lamparelli, J.C. Pereira, P.S. Magalhães

394. NOAA's National Geodetic Survey?s National Spatial Reference System And The National Height Modernizatio

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). NGS manages a network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) that provides Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and serves as the backbone of the NSRS.  Our goal is to maintain a network of stations to serve as control for any project undertaken by local surveyors.  In addition, numerous other applications benefit from a... J.D. Rigney

395. Nutrient Expert Software For Nutrient Management In Cereal Crops

Many countries in Asia have started replacing blanket fertilizer recommendations for vast areas of rice, maize, or wheat with more site-specific guidelines adapted to local needs. This process has been accompanied with a shift from traditional on-station research to on-farm development and evaluation of novel practices. A key challenge faced by the local extension agencies remains the complex nature of factors influencing nutrient requirements.  To aid in this process, the ... M. Pampolino, K. Majumdar, S. Phillips

396. Observational Studies in Agriculture: Paradigm Shift Required

There is a knowledge gap in agriculture. For instance, there is no way to tell with precision what is the outcome of cutting N fertilizer by a quarter on important outcomes such as yield, net return, greenhouse gas emissions or groundwater pollution. Traditionally, the way to generate knowledge in agriculture has been to conduct research with the experimental method where experiments are conducted in a controlled environment with trials replicated in space a... L. Longchamps, B. Panneton, N. Tremblay

397. On-Farm Digital Solutions and Their Associated Value to North American Farmers

Digital tools and data collection have become standard in a wide variety of present day agricultural operations. An array of digital tools, such as high resolution operational mapping, remote sensing, and farm management software offer solutions to many of the problems in modern agriculture. These technologies and services can, if implemented correctly, provide both immediate and long term agronomic value. A growing number of producers in Ohio and around North America question the proper meth... R. Colley iii, J. Fulton, N. Douridas, K. Port

398. On-Farm Experimentation and Decision-Support Workshop

This 3-hour workshop discusses the requirements, methods and theories that may be used to assist in making optimal crop management decisions. The first part will focus on on-farm experimentation (OFE): 1) organization and benefits of OFE; 2) social processes and engagement; 3) designs, data and statistics. The second part will demonstrate how to generate insights applicable at the individual farm level using results from research trials collected in a diversity of contexts. Data sharing, meta... S. Cook, M. Lacoste, F. Evans, N. Tremblay, V. Adamchuk

399. On-the-go Gamma Spectrometry and Its Evaluation Via Support Vector Machines: Really a Valuable Tool for Site-independent Soil Texture Prediction?

With progressive implementation of precision agriculture (PA) techniques in current agricultural/ viticultural practice, the need for high-resolution information on soil properties at low effort and cost is increasing. Moreover, climate change and extended drought periods do even increase this demand. Evaluating soil fertility and carbon storage potential of arable fields and vineyards, e.g. for future economic assessment of ecosystem services, requires spatially resolved soil data. Soil text... S. PÄtzold, T.W. Heggemann, R. Wehrle

400. On-the-Go Nir Spectroscopy and Thermal Imaging for Assessing and Mapping Vineyard Water Status in Precision Viticulture

New proximal sensing technologies are desirable in viticulture to assess and map vineyard spatial variability. Towards this end, high-spatial resolution information can be obtained using novel, non-invasive sensors on-the-go. In order to improve yield, grape quality and water management, the vineyard water status should be determined. The goal of this work was to assess and map vineyard water status using two different proximal sensing technologies on-the-go: near infrared (NIR) reflectance s... J. Tardaguila, M. Diago, S. Gutierrez, J. Fernandez-novales, E.A. Moreda

401. Opportunities for Precision Agriculture in Serbia

The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors leading to low adoption rate of precision farming in Serbia and to describe steps being taken by BioSense institute to increase it. The majority of the arable land in Serbia is grown by small family owned and operated farms most of which are in the range of 2 to 5 ha making them highly unsustainable. Only 16% of the arable land is managed by agricultural companies and cooperatives. We believe that the adoption of advanced technologies with the c... A.C. Tagarakis, F. Van evert, D. Milic, V. Crnojevic, V. Crnojevic-bengin, C. Kempenaar, N. Ljubicic

402. Optical High-Resolution Camera System with Computer Vision Software for Recognizing Insects, Fruit on Trees, Growth of Crops

With the inspiration of helping the farmer to grow his crop in the optimal way, Pessl Instruments GmbH, from Weiz, Austria, developed optical high-resolution camera system, together with a computer vision software which is able to recognize insects, fruits on trees and growth of crop. Pessl Instruments develops decision support system which is consisting from remote monitoring of insect traps and remote monitoring of fields and crops. Optical high-resolution camera system can be installed on ... J. Potrpin, G. Pessl, D. Najvirt, C. Pilz

403. Optical Sensors To Predict Nitrogen Demand By Sugarcane

The low effectiveness of nitrogen (N) from fertilizer is a substantial concern in worldwide which has been threatening the sustainability of sugarcane production. The increment of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by sugarcane genotypes associated to the best practices of fertilizer management and nutritional diagnosis methods have higher potential to reduce environment impacts of nitrogen fertilization. Due to the difficult to determine N status in soil test as well as there is not... O.T. Kolln, G.M. Sanches, J. Rossi neto, S.G. Castro, E. Mariano, R. Otto, R. Inamasu, P.S. Magalhães, O.A. Braunbeck, H.C. Franco

404. Optimal Placement of Proximal Sensors for Precision Irrigation in Tree Crops

In agriculture, use of sensors and controllers to apply only the quantity of water required, where and when it is needed (i.e., precision irrigation), is growing in importance. The goal of this study was to generate relatively homogeneous management zones and determine optimal placement of just a few sensors within each management zone so that reliable estimation of plant water status could be obtained to implement precision irrigation in a 2.0 ha almond orchard located in California, USA. Fi... C.L. Bazzi, K. Schenatto, S. Upadhyaya, F. Rojo

405. Optimal Sensor Placement for Field-Wide Estimation of Soil Moisture

Soil moisture is one of the most important parameters in precision agriculture. While techniques such as remote sensing seems appropriate for moisture monitoring over large areas, they generally do not offer sufficiently fine resolution for precision work, and there are time restrictions on when the data is available. Moreover, while it is possible to get high resolution-on demand data, but the costs are often prohibitive for most developing countries. Direct ground level measuremen... H. Pourshamsaei, A. Nobakhti

406. Optimising Nitrogen Use in Cereal Crops Using Site-Specific Management Classes and Crop Reflectance Sensors

The relative cost of Nitrogen (N) fertilisers in a cropping input budget, the 33% Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) seen in global cereal grain production and the potential environmental costs of over-application are leading to changes in the application rates and timing of N fertiliser. Precision agriculture (PA) provides tools for producers to achieve greater synchrony between N supply and crop N demand. To help achieve these goals this research has explored the use of management classes derive... B. Whelan, M. Fajardo

407. Optimization of Batch Processing of High-density Anisotropic Distributed Proximal Soil Sensing Data for Precision Agriculture Purposes

The amount of spatial data collected in agricultural fields has been increasing over the last decade. Advances in computer processing capacity have resulted in data analytics and artificial intelligence becoming hot topics in agriculture. Nevertheless, the proper processing of spatial data is often neglected, and the evaluation of methods that efficiently process agricultural spatial data remains limited. Yield monitor data is a good example of a well-established methodology for data processi... F. Hoffmann silva karp, V. Adamchuk, A. Melnitchouck, P. Dutilleul

408. Optimization Of Maize Yield: Relationship Between Management Zones, Hybrids And Plant Population

Corn is highly sensitive to variations in plant population and it is one of the most important practices influencing in grain yield. Knowledge about plant physiology and morphology allow understanding how the crop interacts with plant population variation. Considering that for each production system there is a population that optimizes the use of available resources it is necessary to manage plant population to reach maximum grain yield on each particular environment. This study... A.A. Anselmi, J.P. Molin, R. Khosla

409. Optimized Soil Sampling Location in Management Zones Based on Apparent Electrical Conductivity and Landscape Attributes

One of the limiting factors to characterize the soil spatial variability is the need for a dense soil sampling, which prevents the mapping due to the high demand of time and costs. A technique that minimizes the number of samples needed is the use of maps that have prior information on the spatial variability of the soil, allowing the identification of representative sampling points in the field. Management Zones (MZs), a sub-area delineated in the field, where there is relative homogeneity i... G.K. Michelon, G.M. Sanches, I.Q. Valente, C.L. Bazzi, P.L. De menezes, L.R. Amaral, P.G. Magalhaes

410. Optimizing Corn Seeding Depth by Soil Texture to Achieve Uniform Stand

Corn (Zea mays L.) yield potential can be affected by uneven emergence. Corn emergence is influenced by both management and environmental conditions. Varying planting depth and rate as determined by soil characteristics could help improve emergence uniformity and grain yield. This study was conducted to assess varying corn seeding depths on plant emergence uniformity and yield on fine- and coarse-textured soils. Research was conducted on alluvial soil adjacent to the Missouri river with contr... S. Stewart, N. Kitcken, M. Yost, L. Conway

411. Optimizing Nitrogen Application to Maximize Yield and Reduce Environmental Impact in Winter Wheat Production

Field-specific fertilizer rate optimization is known to be beneficial for improving farming profit, and profits can be further improved by dividing the field into smaller plots and applying site-specific rates across the field. Finding optimal rates for these plots is often based on data gathered from said plots, which is used to determine a yield response curve, telling us how much fertilizer needs to be applied to maximize yield. In related work, we use a Convolutional Neural Network, known... A. Peerlinck, J. Sheppard, G.L. Morales luna, P. Hegedus, B. Maxwell

412. Optimizing Site-Specific Adaptive Management Using A Probabilistic Framework: Evaluating Model Performance Using Historic Data

     Agricultural producers are tasked with managing crop yield responses to nitrogen (N) within systems that have high levels of spatial (biophysical), climatic, and price uncertainty. To date, the outcome of most variable rate application (VRA) research has focused on the spatial dimension, proposing optimal fertilizer prescription maps that can be applied year after year. However, temporally static prescriptions can result in suboptimal outcomes, particularly if they do... L.J. Rew, B.D. Maxwell, P.G. Lawrence

413. Optimum Spatial Resolution for Precision Weed Management

The occurrence and number of herbicide-resistant weeds in the world has increased in recent years. Controlling these weeds becomes more difficult and raises production costs. Precision spraying technologies have been developed to overcome this challenge. However, these systems still have relatively high acquisition cost, requiring studies of the relation between the spatial distribution of weeds and the economically optimum spatial resolution of the control method. In this context, the object... R.G. Trevisan, M.T. Eitelwein, M.N. Ferraz, T.R. Tavares, J.P. Molin, D.C. Neves

414. Organ Scale Nitrogen Map: a Novel Approach for Leaf Nitrogen Concentration Estimation

Crop nitrogen trait estimations have been used for decades in the frame of precision agriculture and phenotyping researches. They are crucial information towards a sustainable agriculture and efficient use of resources. Remote sensing approaches are currently accurate tools for nitrogen trait estimations. They are usually quantified through a parametric regression between remote sensing data and the ground truth. For instance, chlorophyll or nitrogen concentration are accurately estimated usi... A. Carlier, S. dandrifosse, B. Dumont, B. Mercatoris

415. Organic Nitrogen Uptake: A Novel Pathway to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity

Formulation of amino acid N fertilizer and uptake of organic N by plants has the ability not only to ensure N availability to plants particularly in N-limiting environments but also can manipulate the environmental hazards associated with over inorganic N fertilization. To support this view, clear experimental evidence is still lacking. In addition, the current experiments aimed to evaluate the uptake of organic N (Amino acid based N fertilizer) by plants in comparison with inorganic fertiliz... K. Ali, D.L. Jones, M. Arif

416. Overcoming Educational Barriers for Precision Agriculture Adoption: a University Diploma in Precision Agriculture in Argentina

The lack of educational programs in Precision Agriculture (PA) has been reported as one of the barriers for adoption. Our goal was to improve professional competence in PA through education in crop variability, management, and effective practices of PA in real cases. In the last 20 years different efforts has been made in Argentina to increase adoption of PA. The Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC) launched in 2021 the first University Diploma in PA, a 9-month program to train agronomis... G. Balboa, A. Degioanni, R. Bongiovanni, R. Melchiori, C. Cerliani, F. Scaramuzza, M. Bongiovanni, J. Gonzalez, M. Balzarini, H. Videla, S. Amin, G. Esposito

417. Overview and Value of Digital Technologies for North American Soybean Producers

In the current state of digital agriculture, many digital technologies and services are offered to assist North American soybean producers.  Opportunities for capturing and analyzing information related to soybean production methods are made available through the adoption of these technologies.  However, often it is difficult for producers to know which digital tools and services are available to them or understand the value they can provide.  The objective of th... J. Lee, J. Fulton, K. Port, R. Colley iii

418. Penetration Resistance And Yield Variation At Field Scale

In order to better explain spatial variations within fields, soil physical properties need to be studied in more depth. Relationships between soil physical parameters and yield, especially in the subsoil, are seldom studied since the characterization of soil variability at field or subfield scale using conventional methods is a labor intensive, very expensive, and time-consuming procedure, particularly when high-resolution data is required. However, soil physical prope... E. Bölenius, J. Arvidsson

419. Performance Evaluation Of Single And Multi-GNSS Receivers In Agricultural Field Conditions

Selection of appropriate receivers and utilization methods of positioning systems are important for better positioning in different applications of precision agriculture. Objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of single and multi-GNSS receivers at stationary and moving conditions in typical Korean agricultural sites such as open field, orchard area, and mountainous area A single-GNSS receiver (Model: R100; Hemisphere GNSS, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) and a multi-GNS... Y. Kim, M. Song, S. Chung , M.S. Kabir, Y. Huh

420. Perspectives For Site Specific Application Of Soil Herbicides In Arable Farming

Soil herbicides kill plants via root uptake. The use of soil herbicides can be made more sustainable by adjusting the dosage to the local soil condition. This so called Variable Rate Application (VRA) is the core of Precision Farming. Soil herbicides often play an important role in weed control strategies in conventional arable farming. Broad field uniform application is by far the most common application method. However, with increasing advances in sensing and ... S. Heijting, C. Kempenaar

421. Pessl Instruments

For more than 37 years, Pessl Instruments has been offering tools for informed decision-making. A complete range of wireless, solar powered monitoring systems which support almost all communication standards roofed under the METOS® brand is available to our clients worldwide.    The systems, along with online platform and mobile application Fieldclimate, are applicable in all climate zones and can be used in various industries and for various purposes – from ... D. Brazda

422. Pest Detection on UAV Imagery Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Presently, precision agriculture uses remote sensing for the mapping of crop biophysical parameters with vegetation indices in order to detect problematic areas, and then send a human specialist for a targeted field investigation. The same principle is applied for the use of UAVs in precision agriculture, but with finer spatial resolutions. Vegetation mapping with UAVs requires the mosaicking of several images, which results in significant geometric and radiometric problems. Furthermore, even... Y. Bouroubi, P. Bugnet, T. Nguyen-xuan, C. Bélec, L. Longchamps, P. Vigneault, C. Gosselin

423. Pesticide Application Manager (PAM) - Decision Support In Crop Protection Based On Terrain-, Machine-, Business- And Public Data

Introduction   Pesticide Application Manager (PAM) is a project, co-financed by the German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) that aims to develop solutions for automating important processes in crop protection.   Due to a series of rules and legal requirements for planning, implementation and documentation, crop protection is one of the ... B. Kleinhenz, M. Röhrig, M. Scheiber, J. Feldhaus, B. Hartmann, B. Golla, C. Federle , D. Martini

424. Physiological Repsonses Of Corn To Variable Seeding Rates In Landscape-Scale Strip Trials

Many producers now have the capability to vary seeding rates on-the-go. Methods are needed to develop variable rate seeding approaches in corn but require an understanding of the physiological response of corn to soil-landscape and weather conditions. Interplant competition fundamentally differs at varied seeding rate and may affect corn leaf area, transpiration, plant morphology, and assimilate partitioning. Optimizing these physiological effects with optimal seeding rates in a site-spe... D.B. Myers, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth, B.J. Leonard

425. Possibilities for Improved Decision Making and Operating Efficiency Derived from the Predictability of Autonomous Farming Operations

For the last 6 years, small autonomous agricultural vehicles have been operating on Harper Adams University’s fields in Shropshire.  Starting with a single tractor on a single rectangular hectare (2.5 acres) and moving on to three tractors on 5 irregularly shaped fields covering over 30 hectares (75 acres).  Multiple crops have been grown; planting, tending, and harvesting with autonomous tractors and harvesters.  The fields are worked using a Controlled Traffic Farming s... M. Gutteridge

426. Post-Harvest Quality Evaluation System On Conveyor Belt For Mechanically Harvested Citrus

Recently, a machine vision technology has shown its popularity for automating visual inspection. Many studies proved that the machine vision system can successfully estimate external qualities of fruit as good as manual inspection. However, introducing mechanical harvesters to citrus industry caused the following year’s yield loss due to the loss of immature young citrus. In this study, a machine vision system on a conveyor belt was developed to inspect mechanica... W. Lee, R. Ehsani, F. Roka, D. Choi, C. Yang

427. Potential of Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity to Describe Soil Spatial Variability in Brazilian Sugarcane Fields

The soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) has been highlighted in the literature as a tool with high potential to map the soil fertility of fields. However, sugarcane fields still lack results that show the applicability of this information to define the soil spatial variability and its fertility conditions. The objective of the present paper was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between ECa, evaluated by electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, and the spatial va... G.M. Sanches, P.S. Magalhães, H.C. Franco, A.Z. Remacre

428. Potential of UAS Multispectral Imagery for Predicting Yield Determining Physiological Parameters of Cotton

The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in precision agriculture has increased rapidly due to the availability of reliable, low-cost, and high-resolution sensors as well as advanced image processing software. Lint yield in cotton is the product of three physiological parameters: photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by canopy (IPAR), the efficiency of converting intercepted active radiation to biomass (RUE), and the ratio of economic yield to total dry matter (HI). The relationship... A. Pokhrel, S. Virk, J.L. Snider, G. Vellidis, V. Parkash

429. Practical and Affordable Technologies for Precision Agriculture in Small Fields: Present Status and Scope in India

The objective of this review paper is to find out practical and affordable precision agriculture(PA) technologies present status and scope in India that are suitable for small fields. The judicious use of inputs like water, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and better management of farm equipments will increase the net profit for farmers. The important components of PA in India which are being used for small lands are Geographic Information System(GIS), laser land leveler, leaf color chart,... S. Kumar, M. Singh, H. Mirzakhaninafchi, R.U. Modi, M. Ali, M. Bhardwaj, R. Soni

430. Practical Prescription of Variable Rate Fertilization Maps Using Remote Sensing Based Yield Potential

This paper describes a practical approach for the prescription of variable rate fertilization maps using remote sensing data (RS) based on satellite platforms, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 constellation. The methodology has been developed and evaluated in Albacete, Spain, in the framework of the project FATIMA (http://fatima-h2020.eu/). The global approach considers the prescription of N management prior to the growing season, based on a spatially distributed N balance. Although the diagnosis of ... A. Osann, I. Campos, M. Calera, C. Plaza, V. Bodas, A. Calera, J. Villodre, J. Campoy, S. Sanchez, N. Jimenez, H. Lopez

431. Precision Agriculture As Bricolage: Understanding The Site Specific Farmer

There is an immediate paradox apparent in precision farming because it applies all of it ‘s precision and recognition of variability to the land, yet operates under the assumption of idealism and normative notions when it comes to considering the farmer.  Precision Agriculture (PA) systems have often considered the farmer as an optimiser of profit, or maximiser of efficiency, and therefore replaceable with mathematical constructs, so that although at the centre of dec... I.J. Yule, B.A. Wood

432. Precision Agriculture Education in Africa: Perceptions, Opportunities and Challenges, and the Way Forward

Precision Agriculture is critical for accelerated transformation of the agrifood systems in Africa for shared prosperity and enhanced livelihoods. The paper presents an overview of the perceptions of faculty, undergraduate and postgraduate students from Ghanaian universities about PA education, and its opportunities and challenges. The study involves a case study of two public universities, the University of Cape Coast and the Technical University of Cape Coast, respectively a and a desk revi... K.A. Frimpong

433. Precision Agriculture for Small Farm Holders

Precision Agriculture is a data-based decision making farming process taking in-field variability into consideration. It uses multiple advance tools and technologies like GPS, GIS, VRT and provides substantial value in terms of minimizing input and maximizing profit to farmers in regions like Canada, North America who have larger land holding capacity. Precision agriculture technologies require significant investment in terms of capital which is most of the time not feasible for farmers with ... P. Bharatiya, M. Kale

434. Precision Agriculture In Sugarcane Production. A Key Tool To Understand Its Variability.

Precision agriculture (PA) for sugarcane represents an important tool to manage local application of fertilizers, mainly because sugarcane is third in fertilizer consumption among Brazilian crops, after soybean and corn. Among the limiting factors detected for PA adoption in the sugarcane industry, one could mention the cropping system complexity, data handling costs, and lack of appropriate decision support systems. The objective of our research group ha... P.S. Graziano magalhães, G.M. Sanches, O.T. Kolln, H.C. Franco, O.A. Braunbeck, C. Driemeier

435. Precision Agriculture Research Infrastructure for Sustainable Farming

Precision agriculture is an emerging area at the intersection of engineering and agriculture, with the goal of intelligently managing crops at a microscale to maximize yield while minimizing necessary resource. Achieving these goals requires sensors and systems with predictive models to constantly monitor crop and environment status. Large datasets from various sensors are critical in developing predictive models which can optimally manage necessary resources. Initial experiments at Universit... C. Lai, C. Min, R. Chiang, A. Hafferman, S. Morgan

436. Precision Agriculture Use In Selected Agricultural Regions In Brazil

Investment in technology brought Brazil to the position among the top agricultural producers in the world. Brazilian agricultural production has increased drastically as a result of productivity growth instead expansion in area. In this scenario the use of Precision Agriculture (PA) in the farm management, considering the spatial variability for maximizing economic return and minimizing the risk of damage to the environment can be decisive. However, the adoption of PA by Brazili... R.Y. Inamasu, A.C. Bernardi

437. Precision Agriculture: A Paradigm Shift for Espousal of Advanced Farming Practices Among Progressive Farmers in Punjab –Pakistan

Precision agriculture provides innovative farm information tools for improved decision making regarding crop growth and yield. Creating awareness for future applications of precision agriculture among progressive farmers in Pakistan was an instrumental force to conduct this study. The purpose was to appraise the awareness level of the respondents for applications of precision agriculture in the field. The objectives such as assessing the awareness level, available information sources, future ... E. Ashraf, H.K. Shurjeel, R. Rasheed

438. Precision Application of Seeding Rates for Weed and Nitrogen Management in Organic Grain Systems

In a time of increasing ecological awareness, organic agriculture offers sustainable solutions to many of the polluting aspects of conventional agriculture. However, without synthetic inputs, organic agriculture faces unique challenges such as weed control and fertility management. Precision Agriculture (PA) has been used to successfully increase input use efficiency in conventional systems and now offers itself as a potential tool for organic farmers as well. PA enables on farm experimentati... S. Loewen, B.D. Maxwell

439. Precision Design Of Vegetative Buffers

Precision agriculture techniques can be applied at field margins to improve performance of water quality protection practices. Effectiveness of vegetative buffers, conventionally designed to have uniform width along field margins, is limited by spatially non-uniform runoff from fields. Effectiveness can be improved by placing relatively wider buffer at locations where loads are greater. A GIS tool was developed that accounts for non-uniform flow and produces more-effective, vari... T. Mueller, S. Neelakantan, M. Helmers, M. Dosskey

440. Precision Fall Urea Fertilizer Applications: Timing Impact on Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrous Oxide Emissions

To minimize ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fall applied fertilizer, it is generally recommended to not apply the fertilizer until the soil temperature decreases below 10 C. However, this recommendation is not based on detailed measurements of NH3and N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of fertilizer application timing on nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia volatilization emissions.  Nitrogen fertilizer ... S. Thies, D.E. Clay, S. Bruggeman, D. Joshi, S. Clay, J. Miller

441. Precision Feeding Can Significantly Reduce Lysine Intake and Nitrogen Excretion Without Compromising the Performance of Growing Pigs

The impact of using a mathematical model estimating real-time daily lysine requirements in a sustainable precision feeding program for growing pigs was investigated in two performance trials. Three treatments were tested in the first trial (60 pigs of 41.2±0.5 kg): a three-phase feeding program (3P) obtained by blending fixed proportions of feeds A (high nutrient concentration) and B (low nutrient concentration); and two daily-phase feeding programs in which the blended proportions of ... C. Pomar, I. Andretta, J. Rivest, L. Hauschild, J. Pomar

442. Precision Irrigation Management Through Conjunctive Use of Treated Wastewater and Groundwater in Oman

Agriculture under arid environment is always become a challenge due to water scarcity and salinity problems.  With average rainfall of 100 mm, agriculture in Oman is limited due to the arid climate and limited arable lands. More than 50 percent of the arable lands are located in the 300 km northern coastal belt of Al-Batinah region. In addition, country is facing severe problem of sea water intrusion into the groundwater aquifers due to undisciplined excessive groundwater (GW) abstractio... H. Jayasuriya, A. Al-busaidi, M. Ahmed

443. Precision Nitrogen and Water Management for Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity in Irrigated Maize

Nitrogen and water continue to be the most limiting factors for profitable maize production in the western Great Plains. The objective of this research was to determine the most productive and efficient nitrogen and water management strategies for irrigated maize.  This study was conducted in 2016 at Colorado State University’s Agricultural Research Development and Educational Center, in Fort Collins, Colorado. The experiment included a completely randomized block design with ... E. Phillippi, R. Khosla, L. Longchamps, P. Turk

444. Precision Nitrogen and Water Management for Optimized Sugar Beet Yield and Sugar Content

Sugar beet (SB) production profitability is based on maximizing three parameters: beet yield, sucrose content, and sucrose recovery efficiency. Efficient nitrogen (N) and water management are key for successful SB production. Nitrogen deficits in the soil can reduce root and sugar yield. Overapplication of N can reduce sucrose content and increase nitrate impurities which lowers sucrose recovery. Application of N in excess of SB crop need leads to vigorous canopy growth, while compromising ro... O.S. Walsh, S. Shafian

445. Precision Nutrient Management For Enhancing The Yield Of Groundnut In Peninsular India

               Groundnut is an important oil seed crop grown in an area of around 8 lakh hectares in Karnataka state of India under rainfed conditions. In these situations farmers applied inadequate fertilizer without knowing the initial nutrient status of the soil which resulted in low nutrient use efficiency that intern lead to low productivity of groundnut in these areas. Soil fertility deterioration due to... M. Giriyappa, T. Sheshadri, D. Hanumanthappa, M. Shankar, S.B. Salimath, T. Rudramuni, N. Raju, N. Devakumar, G. Mallikaarjuna, M.T. Malagi, S. Jangandi

446. Precision Nutrient Management In Cotton At Different Yield Targets In Northern Transitional Zone Of Karnataka

  Nutrient management in cotton is complex due to the simultaneous production of vegetative and reproductive structures during the active growth phase. Lot of spatial variation in soil available nutrients is observed under similar management situation. In view of this an experiment ... C.C. Pgowda

447. Precision Nutrient Management Through Use Of LCC And Nutrient Expert In Hybrid Maize Under Laterite Soil Of India

Nutrient management has played a crucial role in achieving self sufficiency in food grain production. Energy crisis resulted in high price index of chemical fertilizers. Coupled with their limited production, fertilizer cost, soil health, sustainability and pollution have gave rise to interest in precision nutrient management tools. Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of variety and nutrient management on the growth and productivity of maize under lateritic belt of West Be... M. Banerjee, S. Dutta, G. Bhuiya, G. Malik, D. Maiti

448. Precision Sensors For Improved Nitrogen Recommendations In Wheat

Crop sensor-based systems with developed algorithms for making mid-season fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations are commercially available to producers in some parts of the world. Although there is growing interest in these technologies by grain producers in Montana, use is limited by the lack of local research under Montana’s semiarid conditions. A field study was carried out at two locations in 2011, three locations in 2012, and two locations in 2013 in North West Mont... O.S. Walsh, A. Pandey, R. Christiaens

449. Precision Thinning Of Fruit Crops

L. Damerow, C. Seehuber and M. Blanke University of Bonn, Germany Correspondence: damerow@uni-bonn.de   Abstract for o r a l   Thinning is a pre-requisite in the majority of fruit crops worldwide in order to overcome or prevent alternate bearing (change of years with large and low yields) and to provide regular yields of high qu... M.M. Blanke, L. Damerow, C. Seehuber

450. Predicted Nitrate-N Loads for Fall, Spring, and VRN Fertilizer Application in Southern Minnesota

Nitrate-N from agricultural fields is a source of pollution to fresh and marine waters via subsurface tile drainage.  Sensor-based technologies that allow for in-season monitoring of crop nitrogen requirements may represent a way to reduce nitrate-N loadings to surface waters by allowing for fertilizer application on a more precise spatial and temporal resolution.  However, little research has been done to determine its effectiveness in reducing nitrate-N losses.  In this study... G.L. Wilson, D.J. Mulla, J. Galzki, A. Laacouri, J. Vetsch

451. Predicting Below and Above Ground Peanut Biomass and Maturity Using Multi-target Regression

Peanut growth and maturity prediction can help farmers and breeding programs improving crop management. Remote sensing images collected by satellites and drones make possible and accurate crop monitoring. Today, empirical relations between crop biomass and spectral reflectance could be used for prediction of single variables such as aboveground crop biomass, pod weight (PW), or peanut maturity. Robust algorithms such as multioutput regression (MTR) implemented through multioutput random fores... M.F. Oliveira, F.M. Carneiro, M. Thurmond, M.D. Del val, L.P. Oliveira, B. Ortiz, A. Sanz-saez, D. Tedesco

452. Predicting Corn Emergence Uniformity with On-the-go Furrow Sensing Technology

Integration of proximal soil sensors into commercial row-crop planter components have allowed for a dense quantification of within-field soil spatial variability. These technologies have potential to guide real-time management decisions, such as on-the-go variable seeding rate or depth. However, little is known about the performance of these systems. Therefore, research was conducted in central Missouri, USA to determine the relationship between planter sensor metrics, and corn (Zea mays ... L.S. Conway, C. Vong, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth, S.H. Anderson

453. Predicting Dry Matter Composition of Grass Clover Leys Using Data Simulation and Camera-Based Segmentation of Field Canopies into White Clover, Red Clover, Grass and Weeds

Targeted fertilization of grass clover leys shows high financial and environmental potentials leading to higher yields of increased quality, while reducing nitrate leaching. To realize the gains, an accurate fertilization map is required, which is closely related to the local composition of plant species in the biomass. In our setup, we utilize a top-down canopy view of the grass clover ley to estimate the composition of the vegetation, and predict the composition of the dry matter of the for... S. Skovsen, M. Dyrmann, J. Eriksen, R. Gislum, H. Karstoft, R.N. Jørgensen

454. Predicting Secondary Soil Fertility Attributes Using XRF Sensor with Reduced Scanning Time in Samples with Different Moisture Content

To support future in situ/on-the-go applications using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sensors for soil mapping, this study aimed at evaluating the XRF performance for predicting organic matter (OM), base saturation (V), and exchangeable (ex-) Mg, using a reduced analysis time (e.g., 4 s) in soil samples with different moisture contents. These attributes are considered secondary for XRF prediction because they do not present emission lines in the XRF spectrum. Ninety-nine soil samp... T.R. Tavares, J.P. Molin, T.R. Da silva , H.W. De carvalho

455. Predicting Winter Wheat Biomass And Grain Protein Content

Dynamic crop models such as EPIC [1], SALUS [2], and STICS [3] are non-linear models that describe the growth and development of a crop interacting with environmental factors (soil and climate) and agricultural practices (crop species, tillage type, fertilizer amount…). They are developed to predict crop yield and quality or to optimize the farming practices in order to satisfy agricultural objectives, as the reduction of nitrogen lixiviation. More recently, crop... M.M. Mansouri

456. Prediction Of Cation Exchange Capacity Using Visible And Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil is a measure of the soil ability to hold positively charged ions and is an important indicator of soil physicochemical characteristic. It is an important property for site specific management of soil nutrients in precision agriculture. The conventional analytical methods used for the determination of CEC are expensive, difficult and time consuming, because different cations must be extracted and determined. Visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) sp... Y. Ulusoy, Z. Tümsavas, A.M. Mouazen, Y. Tekin

457. Prediction of Corn Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rate in Argentina

Static (i.e. texture and soil depth) and dynamic (i.e. soil water, temperature) factors play a role in determining field or subfield economically optimal N rates (EONR). We used 50 nitrogen (N) trials from Argentina at contrasting landscape positions and soil types, various soil-crop measurements from 2012 to 2017, and statistical techniques to address the following objectives: a) characterize corn yield and EONR variability across a multi-landscape-year study in central west Buenos Aire... L. Puntel, A. Pagani, S. Archontoulis

458. Printed Nitrate Sensors for In-soil Measurements

Managing nitrate is a central concert for precision agriculture, from delineating management zones, to optimizing nitrogen use efficiency through in-season applications, to minimizing leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. However, measurement methods for in-soil nitrate are limiting. State-of-the-art soil nitrate analysis requires taking soil or liquid samples to laboratories for chemical or spectrographic analysis. These methods are accurate, but costly, labor intensive, and cover limited g... C. Baumbauer, P. Goodrich, A. Arias

459. Probability Distributions And Alternative Transformations Of Soil Test NO3-N And PO4-P, Implications For Precision Agriculture

Recommendations for fertilizer N in crop production and precision agriculture depend on statistical analyses of data which represent soil NO3-N and PO4-P fertility typical of management zones and fields.  Non-normal distributions of soil test N are commonly log transformed prior to statistical analysis for interpolation with methods such as kriging, regression, or principle component analysis.  These data are transformed to ensure that analysis meet the assumptions of normality... A. Moulin

460. Production And Conservation Results From A Decade-Long Field-Scale Precision Agriculture System

Research is needed that simultaneously evaluates production and conservation outcomes of precision agriculture practices.  From over a decade (1993-2003) of yield and soil mapping and water quality assessment, a multi-faceted, “precision agriculture system” (PAS) was developed and initiated in 2004 on a 36-ha field in Central Missouri. The PAS assessment was accomplished by comparing it to the previous decade of conventional corn-soyb... C. Baffaut, K. Sudduth, J. Sadler, R. Kremer, R. Lerch, N. Kitchen, K. Veum

461. Prospects and Challeges to Precision Agriculture Technologies Development in Ghana: Scientists' and Extension Agents' Perspectives.

The main objective of the research was to examine the prospects and challenges of developing and implementing precision agriculture (PA) in cocoa production in Ghana. A census of cocoa research scientists and a survey of cocoa extension agents (CEAs) in Ghana were taken. Five major challenges they perceived to pose serious challenges to the development and implementation of future Precision Agriculture Technologies (PATs), in their decreasing order of importance, were (a) farmer-demograp... M. Bosompem

462. Prototype Unmanned Aerial Sprayer for Plant Protection in Agricultural and Horticultural Crops

Aerial application of pesticides has the potential to reduce the amount of pesticides required as chemicals are applied where needed. A prototype Unmanned Aerial Sprayer with a payload of 20 kg; a spraying rate of 6 liters per minute; a spraying swathe of 3 meters, coverage rate of 2 to 4 meters per second and 10 minutes of flight time was built using state of the art technologies. The project is a joint development by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, KLE Technological University... S. G, D.P. Biradar, B.L. Desai, V.C. Patil, P. Patil, V.B. Nargund, V. Desai, W. John, S.M. Channangi, V. Tulasigeri

463. Prototype Unmanned Aerial Sprayer for Plant Protection in Agricultural and Horticultural Crops

Aerial application of pesticides has the potential to reduce the amount of pesticides required as chemicals are applied where needed. A prototype Unmanned Aerial Sprayer with a payload of 20 kg; a spraying rate of 6 liters per minute; a spraying swathe of 3 meters, coverage rate of 2 to 4 meters per second and 10 minutes of flight time was built using state of the art technologies. The project is a joint development by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, KLE Technological University... S. Reddy, D.P. Biradar, V.C. Patil, B.L. Desai, V.B. Nargund, P. Patil, V. Desai, V. Tulasigeri, S.M. Channangi, W. John

464. Proximal Sensing of Penetration Resistance at a Permanent Grassland Site in Southern Finland

Proximal soil sensing allows for assessing soil spatial heterogeneity at a high spatial resolution. These data can be used for decision support on soil and crop agronomic management. Recent sensor systems are capable of simultaneously mapping several variables, such as soil electrical conductivity (EC), spectral reflectance, temperature, and water content, in real-time. In autumn 2021, we used a commercial soil scanner (Veris iScan+) to derive information on soil spatial variability for a per... H.E. Ahrends, A. Lajunen

465. Proximal Soil Sensing-Led Management Zone Delineation for Potato Fields

A fundamental aspect of precision agriculture or site-specific crop management is the ability to recognize and address local changes in the crop production environment (e.g. soil) within the boundaries of a traditional management unit. However, the status quo approach to define local fertilizer need relies on systematic soil sampling followed by time and labour-intensive laboratory analysis. Proximal soil sensing offers numerous advantages over conventional soil characterization and has shown... A. Biswas, W. Ji, I. Perron, A. Cambouris, B. Zebarth, V. Adamchuk

466. Quantification of Seed Performance: Non-Invasive Determination of Internal Traits Using Computed Tomography

The application of the 3D mean-shift filter to 3D Computed Tomography Data enables the segmentation of internal traits. Specifically in maize seeds this approach gives the opportunity to separate the internal structure, for example the volume of the embryo, the cavities and the low and high dense parts of the starch body. To evaluate the mean-shift filter, the results were compared to the usage of a median-smoothing filter. To show the relevance of the mean-shift extended image pipeline an au... J. Claussen, N. Wörlein, N. Uhlmann, S. Gerth

467. Radio Frequency Identification For Implementing Traceability In The Cotton Production In The Brazilian Midwest

According to the International Cotton Advisory Committee - ICAC projection for the fiber in cotton production for the crop year 2012/2013 is expected to reach an amount of 15.19 million tons , according to a forecast released in August 2012 . In the Brazilian context , according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil cotton cultivation in Brazil has grown especially in the Midwest . In particular , exports of cotton fiber increased twice in one season in 2003/2004... C. Santos, E.O. Weschter, M.A. Dota, C.E. Cugnasca

468. Rape Plant NDVI Spatial Distribution Model Based on 3D Reconstruction

Plants’ morphology changes in their growing process. The 3D reconstruction of plant is of great significance for studying the impacts of plant morphology on biomass estimation, illness and insect infestation, genetic expression, etc. At present, the 3D point cloud reconstructed through 3D reconstruction mainly includes the morphology, color and other features of the plant, but cannot reflect the change in spatial 3D distribution of organic matters caused by the nutritional status (e.g. ... Y. Chen, Y. He

469. Rapid Acquisition of Site Specific Lime Requirement with Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

In Germany, the lime requirement of arable topsoils is derived from the organic matter content, clay content, and pH(CaCl2). For this purpose, it is common practice to determine the lime requirement of a field size up to three hectares from only one composite soil sample, whereby site heterogeneity is regularly not taken into account. To consider site heterogeneity, a measurement technique is required which allows a rapid and high resolution data acquisition. Mid-infrared... M. Leenen, S. Pätzold, T. Heggemann, G. Welp

470. Rapid Data Acquisition For In-Field Plant Phenomics

High throughput sensing is necessary for the rapid acquisition of plant canopy physical and physiological parameters on field scales. Simultaneous measures of these descriptive parameters will provide a clearer picture of plant response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Information obtained can assist in early identification of desired genetic traits and the degree to which they are expressed. Identifying these traits and their expression can provide higher efficiency in genetic selection... M.R. Sclemmer, K.H. Holland

471. Rapid Identification of Mulberry Leaf Pests Based on Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

As one of the most common mulberry pests, Diaphania pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) has occurred and damaged in the main sericulture areas of China. Naked eye observation, the most dominating method identifying the damage of Diaphania pyloalis, is time-wasting and labor consuming. In order to improve the identification and diagnosis efficiency and avoid the massive outbreak of Diaphania pyloalis, near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging technology combined with partial least discr... L. Yang, L. Huang, L. Meng, J. Wang, D. Wu, X. Fu, S. Li

472. Rapid Sensing For Water Stress Detection In Foxtail Millet (Setaria Italica)

In recent years, the drought conditions due to changing climate patterns have adversely affected the U.S. agriculture. The 2012 drought that damaged major crops in Midwest was one of the most severe in last 25 years. It has resulted in losses of production, revenue, livestock and jobs, and has increased food prices. Under these circumstances, farmers are focused to use the water resources carefully. The researchers are working together to develop new crop varieties resistant to ... S. Sankaran, M. Wang, P. Ellsworth, A. Cousins

473. Rapidscan And CropCircle Radiometers: Opportunities And Limitation In Assessing Wheat Biomass And Nitrogen

Remote sensing is a promising technology that provides information about the crop's physiological and phenological status. This information is based on the spectral absorption and scattering features of the plants. Many different vegetation indices (VI) have been developed, and are in use to estimate quantitatively the relationship between multi and hyper-spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters, i.e. nitrogen (N) content, biomass, leaf area index (LAI). The C... A.A. Gitelson, D.J. Bonfil

474. Real Time Precision Irrigation with Variable Setpoint for Strawberry to Generate Water Savings

Water is a precious resource that is becoming increasingly scarce as the population grows and water resources are depleted in some locations or under increased control elsewhere, due to local availability or groundwater contamination issues. It obviously affects strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) production in populated areas and water cuts are being imposed to many strawberry growers to save water, with limited information on the impact on crop yield. Precision irrigation technologies ar... J. Caron, L. Anderson, G. Sauvageau, L. Gendron

475. Real-Time Control of Spray Drop Application

Electrostatic application of spray drops provides unique opportunities to precisely control the application of pesticides due to the additional electrostatic force on the spray drops, in addition to the normally seen forces of aerodynamic drag, gravity, and inertia. In this work, we develop a computational model to predict the spray drop trajectories. The model is validated through experiments with high speed photography of spray drop trajectories, and quantification of which trajectories lea... S. Post, M. Jermy, P. Gaynor, N. Kabaliuk, A. Werner

476. Real-time Detection of Picking Region of Ridge Planted Strawberries Based on YOLOv5s with a Modified Neck

Robotic strawberry harvesting requires machine vision system to have the ability to detect the presence, maturity, and location of strawberries. Strawberries, however, can easily be bruised, injured, and even damaged during robotic harvest if not picked properly because of their soft surfaces. Therefore, it is important to cut or pick the strawberry stems instead of picking the fruit directly. Additionally, real-time detection is critical for robotic strawberry harvesting to adapt to the chan... Z. He, K. Manoj, Q. Zhang, S. Kshetri

477. Real-Time Fruit Detection Using Deep Neural Networks

Proximal imaging using tractor-mounted cameras is a simple and cost-effective method to acquire large quantities of data in orchards and vineyards. It can be used for the monitoring of vegetation and for the management of field operations such as the guidance of smart spraying systems for instance. One of the most prolific research subjects in arboriculture is fruit detection during the growing season. Estimations of fruit-load can be used for early yield assessments and for the monitoring of... B. Keresztes, J. Da costa, D. Randriamanga, C. Germain, F. Abdelghafour

478. Realising the Full Potential of Precision Agriculture: Encouraging Farmer 'Buy-in' by Building Trust in Data Sharing

Uncertainty around the ownership, privacy and security of farm data are most commonly the reasons cited for farmer’s reluctance to “buy-in” to big data in agriculture. Evidence provided to the recent US Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Subcommittee on Consumer Protections, Product Safety, Insurance, and Data Security, United States Senate Technology in Agriculture: Data Driven Farming (Nov 2017) highlighted that “data ownership, and rel... L. Wiseman, J. Sanderson

479. Realising the Potential of Agricultural Robotics and AI: The Ethical Challenges

Recent advances in AI and robotics may dramatically transform agriculture by greatly expanding the number of contexts in which the techniques of precision agriculture may be applied. Inevitably, this next agricultural revolution will generate profound ethical issues: opportunities as well as risks. Clever applications of AI and robotics may allow agriculture to be more sustainable by facilitating more precise applications of water, fertilisers, and herbicides. Robots may take some of the drud... R. Sparrow

480. Recognition And Classification Of Weeds In Sugarcane Using The Technique Of The Bag Of Words

The production of sugar and ethanol in Brazil is very prominent economically and the reducing costs and improving the production system being necessary. The management crops operations of sugarcane and the control of weed is one of the processes that cause the greatest increase in production costs; because the competition that exists between cane plants and weed, for water, nutrients and sunlight is big, contribute to the loss of up to 20% of the useful cane. The use of image processing ... W.E. Santiago, A.R. Barreto, D.G. Figueredo, R.C. Tinini, B.T. Mederos, N.J. Leite

481. Refractive Index Based Brix Measurement System for Sugar and Allied Industries

An attempt has been made to design optimization of Refractormetric based method for the measurement of Brix.  Optimization of various constructional parameters including selection and location of source, prism and detector, position of source, angular position and height of source from prism plane, divergent angle of source, refractive index of prism, size of prism, the location of detector to pick up the optimum reflected light, refractive index of sample, critical angle, choice of suit... M.L. Dongare, B.T. Jadhav, A.D. Shaligram

482. Relationships Between First Test Day Metrics of First Lactation Cows to Evaluate Transition Period

The objective of this study was to apply principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) data of animals on their first lactation to discover the most meaningful set of variables that describe the outcome on the first test day. Data collected over 4 years were obtained from 13 dairy herds located in Québec – Canada. The data set was filtered to contain only information from first test day of animals on their first lact... G.M. Dallago, D. Figueiredo, R. Santos, P. Andrade, D.E. Santschi, R. Lacroix, D.M. Lefebvre

483. Research On Measurement Device For NO3- Ion Concentration Of Nutrient Solution

The management of water and ion concentration in nutrient solution is crucial in precision agriculture. Poor management may leads to the increasing of energy consumption and cost as well as low efficiency. The measurement of ion concentration in nutrient solution is prerequisite for optimal control and management of nutrient solution. Real-time detection of NO3-, as an important component of nitrogenous fertilizer, is always a big problem over the world. Th... X. Zhang, Y. Li, K. Xu, X. Sun

484. Response Of Rhodes Grass (Chloris Gayana Kunth) To Variable Rate Application Of Irrigation Water And Fertilizer Nitrogen

Rhodes grass is cultivated extensively in Saudi Arabia under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. The research work was carried out to optimize irrigation water and fertilizer nitrogen levels for the crop. The objectives of the study were: 1. To delineate the field in to management zones, 2. To study the effects of variable rate application (VRA) of irrigation water and fertilizer nitrogen on the yield of Rhodes grass. A field experiment was carried out fro... V. Patil, R. Madugundu, E. Tola, S. Marey, D.J. Mulla, S.K. Upadhyaya, K.A. Al-gaadi

485. Reverse Modelling of Yield-Influencing Soil Variables in Case of Few Soil Data

Our hypothesis was that simple models can be applied to predict yield by using only those yield data which spatially coincide with the soil data and the remaining yield data and the models can be used to test different sampling and interpolation approaches commonly applied in precision agriculture and to better predict soil variables at not observed locations. Three strategies for composite sample collection were compared in our study. Point samples were taken 1.) along lines within homogenou... I. Sisák, A. Benő, K. Szabó, M. Kocsis, J. Abonyi

486. Review of Developments in Airborne Geophysics and Geomatics to Map Variability of Soil Properties

Over the past 40 years, airborne geophysics and geomatics has become an effective and accepted technology for mapping various signatures on the Earth’s surface and sub-surface. But so far, its airborne application in agriculture is perceived as sub-practical and/or its real value unknown to most stakeholders. In this paper, we are reviewing major technical and commercial achievements and latest developments to date, but also potentials for new developments and applications, of airb... L. Ameglio

487. Risk Efficiency of Site-Specific Nitrogen Management with Respect to Grain Quality

Profitability analyses of site-specific nitrogen management strategies have often failed to provide reasons for adoption of precision farming implements. However, often effects of precision farming on product quality and price premiums were not taken into account. This study aims to evaluate comparative advantages of site-specific nitrogen management over uniform nitrogen management with respect to aspects of risk, considering fertilizer effects on grain quality and price premiums. We develop... A. Meyer-aurich, Y. Karatay, M. Gandorfer

488. Robot Safety Issues in Field Crops - EU Regulatory Issues and Technical Aspects

The use of robots in Precision Agriculture is becoming of great interest, but they introduce a new kind of risk in the field due to their self-acting and self-driving capability. Safety issues appear with respect to people working in the same field in human-robot collaboration (HRC) framework or to the accidental presence of humans or animals. A robot out of control may also invade other areas causing unpredictable harm and damage. Currently, the safety of highly automated agricultu... M. Canavari, P. Lattanzi, G. Vitali, L. Emmi

489. Row-Crop Planter Requirements To Support Variable-Rate Seeding Of Maize

Current planting technology possesses the ability to increase crop productivity and improve field efficiency by precisely metering and placing crop seeds. Growing high yielding crops not only requires using the right seed variety and rate but also achieving optimal performance with available planter technology. Planter performance depends on using the correct planter and technology (display and rate controller system) setup which consists of determining optimal settings for different pla... J.P. Fulton, K.S. Balkcom, B.V. Ortiz, T.P. Mcdonald, G.L. Pate, S.S. Virk, A. Poncet

490. Rumex and Urtica Detection in Grassland by UAV

Previous work (Binch & Fox, 2017) used autonomous ground robotic platforms to successfully detect Urtica (nettle) and Rumex (dock) weeds in grassland, to improve farm productivity and the environment through precision herbicide spraying. It assumed that ground robots swathe entire fields to both detect and spray weeds, but this is a slow process as the slow ground platform must drive over every square meter of the field even where there are no weeds. The present study examines a complimen... A. Binch, N. Cooke, C.W. Fox

491. Salinity Stress Assessment on Vegetation Cover in Arid Regions Using Visible Range Indices of True Color Aerial UAV/Drone Images

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important plant growing in arid and semi-arid regions, where it has a social, cultural, economic and nutritious importance. Although date palm can be ranked as the highest salt tolerance plant among fruit crop, extreme salinity can negatively affect its growth, yield and fruit quality. Inadequate annual rainfall of arid regions has stressed and rapidly decreased date palm plantation due to salinity and drought. In this study unmanned ... Y.A. Al-mulla, S. Al-rahbi

492. Scaling Up Window-based Regression for Crop-row Detection

Crop-row detection is a central element of weed detection and agricultural image processing tasks. With the increased availability of high-resolution imagery, a precise locating of crop rows is becoming practical in the sense that the necessary data are commonly available. However, conventional image processing techniques often fail to scale up to the data volumes and processing time expectations. We present an approach that computes regression lines ... A.M. Denton, G.E. Hokanson, P. Flores

493. Seed Localization System Suite with CNNs for Seed Spacing Estimation, Population Estimation and Doubles

Proper seed placement during planting is critical to achieve uniform emergence which optimizes the crop for maximum yield potential. Currently, the ideal way to determine planter performance is to manually measure plant spacing and seeding depth. However, this process is both cost- and labor-intensive and prone to human errors. Therefore, this study aimed to develop seed localization system (SLS) system to measure seed spacing and seeding depth and providing the geo-location of each planted s... A. Sharda, R. Harsha chepally

494. Selection Of Fluorescence Indices For The Proximal Sensing Of Single And Multiple Stresses In Sugar Beet

The use of fluorescence indices for sensing the impact of abiotic and biotic stresses in agricultural crops is well documented in the literature. Pigment fluorescence gives a precise picture about the plant physiology and its changes following the occurrence of stresses. In general, alterations in such optical signals is caused either by the stress-induced accumulation of one or more fluorophores, or the degradation of specific molecules like chlorophyll. Unfortunately, many str... G. Leufen, G. Noga, M. Hunsche

495. Sensor Comparison for Yield Monitoring Systems of Small-Sized Potato Harvesters

Yield monitoring of potato in real time during harvesting would be useful for farmers, providing instant yield and income information. In the study, potentials of candidate sensors were evaluated with different yield measurement techniques for yield monitoring system of small-sized potato harvesters. Mass-based (i.e., load cell) and volume-based (i.e., CCD camera) sensors were selected and tested under laboratory conditions. For mass-based sensing, an impact plate instrumented with load cells... K.M. Swe, Y. Kim, D. Jeong, S. Lee, S. Chung, M.S. Kabir

496. Shared Protocols and Data Template in Agronomic Trials

Due to the overlap of many disciplines and the availability of novel technologies, modern agriculture has become a wide, interdisciplinary endeavor, especially in Precision Agriculture. The adoption of a standard format for reporting field experiments can help researchers to focus on the data rather than on re-formatting and understanding the structure of the data. This paper describes how a European consortium plans to: i) create a “handbook” of protocols for reporting definition... D. Cammarano, D. Drexler, P. Hinsinger, P. Martre, X. Draye, A. Sessitsch, N. Pecchioni, J. Cooper, W. Helga, A. Voicu

497. Should We Increase or Decrease the Fertilization in the Zones with the Highest Crop Productivity Potential?

Introduction. In traditional farming, fertilizers are applied homogeneously on the agricultural fields taking into account the average crop recommendation. As most fields are not homogeneous, this results in overfertilization of certain zones and underfertilization of other zones. The excess of nitrate leaches to the surface and groundwaters which causes problems with the water quality. Precision fertilizer management has been proposed to reduce these negative e... A. Tsibart, A. Postelmans, J. Dillen, A. Elsen, G. Van de ven, W. Saeys

498. Site Specific Drip Fertigation

Two test plots, one from high fertility zone and one from low fertility zone were identified and delineated with the help of GPS for raising the test crop. Soil samples were collected from the experimental sites one month before planting. The samples were analyzed for available N, P and K. Site specific nutrient recommendations were made using the Decision Support System for Integrated Fertilizer Recommendation (DSSIFER) software (Murugappan et al. 2004) for optimum yie... A.H. V.m.

499. Site-Specific Management Zones Delineation Using Drone-Based Hyperspectral Imagery

Conventional techniques (e.g., intensive soil sampling) for site-specific management zones (MZ) delineation are often laborious and time-consuming. Using drones equipped with hyperspectral system can overcome some of the disadvantages of these techniques. The present work aimed to develop a drone-based hyperspectral imagery method to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical properties in order to delineate site-specific MZ. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to extract... H. Agili, K. Chokmani, A. Cambouris, I. Perron, J. Poulin

500. Site-Specific Variability Of Grape Composition And Wine Quality

Precision Viticulture (PV) is the application of site-specific tools to delineate management zones in vineyards for either targeting inputs or harvesting blocks according to grape maturity status. For the creation of management zones, soil properties, topography, canopy characteristics and grape yield are commonly measured during the growing season. The majority of PV studies in winegrapes have focused on the relation of soil and vine-related spatial data with grape co... S. Fountas, Y. Kotseridis, A. Balafoutis, E. Anastasiou, S. Koundouras, S. Kallithraka, M. Kyraleou

501. Smart Food Oases: Development of a Distributed Point-to-point Urban Food Ecosystem in Food Desert Areas

Urban agriculture has been getting much attention in the past decade as a solution to overcome food insecurity and accessibility of food for urban residents and to have better green environments in cities. Urban agriculture is expected to provide better nutrients to residents, reduce transportation and environmental costs, and help urban dwellers access food efficiently. The present study is to build a collaborative ecosystem among urban growers/producers and create bridges from these farmers... J. Lee, S. Song, S. Oh, K. Krishnaswamy, C. Sun, Y. Adu-gyamfi

502. SmartAgriHubs FIE20 - Groundwater and Meteo Sensors and Earth Observation for Precision Agriculture

The solution developed under the SmartAgriHubs project in the scope of the Flagship Innovation Experiment FIE20 Groundwater and meteo sensors is an expert system to support farmers in decision-making process and planning process of field interventions. This FIE20 solution integrates various data sources and different analytical processes in a complete system and provides users an easy-to-use web map application as a common user interface. The FIE20 system integrates components developed durin... K. Charvat, M. Kepka, R. Berzins, F. Zadrazil, D. Langovskis, M. Musil

503. Snap Bean Flowering Detection from UAS Imaging Spectroscopy

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold) is a fungus that infects the flowers of snap beans and causes a reduction in the number of pods, and subsequent yields, due to premature pod abscission. Snap bean fields typically are treated with prophylactic fungicide applications to control white mold, once 10% of the plants have at least one flower. The holistic goal of this research is to develop spatially-explicit white mold risk models, based on inputs from remote sensing systems aboard unmann... E.W. Hughes, S.J. Pethybridge, C. Salvaggio, J. Van aardt, J.R. Kikkert

504. Snap-shot Hyperspectral Camera for Potassium Prediction of Peach Trees Using Multivariate Analysis

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging technology being utilized in agriculture. This system could be used to monitor the overall health of plants or pest disease detection. As sensing technology advances, measuring nutrient levels and disease detection also progresses. This study aimed to predict the levels of potassium (K) content in peach leaves with the new snapshot hyperspectral camera. The study was conducted at the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Farm (Seneca, SC, USA, 34.... J.J. Maja, M. Abenina, M. Cutulle, J. Melgar, H. Liu

505. Soil and Crop Factors to Site-specific Nitrogen Management on Sugarcane Fields

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most widely used fertilizers in crops and the most harmful to the environment. The increase fertilizers consumption, mainly N sources (one of the most widely fertilizer used in sugarcane fields), is one of the main factors underlying the sustainability of the entire production process. Currently, N recommendations in sugarcane are based only on the expected yield. However, there is little agronomic support for nitrogen (N) recommendations based on expected yield, de... G.M. Sanches, R. Otto, F.R. Pereira

506. Soil And Crop Spatial Variability In Cotton Grown On Deep Black Cotton Soils

Soil spatial variation is observed under similar management situation in cotton growing soils of Northern Karnataka. In view of this an experiment was conducted to study the spatial variability in soil with respect soil reaction (pH), Electrical conductivity (Ec), Organic carbon (OC%), all major (N,P,K), secondary (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) by assessing soil nutrients in deep black cotton soils of the experimental station ... C.C. Parashuramegowda

507. Soil Compaction: Impact Of Tractor And Equipment On Corn Growth, Development And Yield

This project looks at the impact of soil compaction on corn emergence, growth and development, and yield. This is a two-year study, begun in the in the spring of 2013, it will be completed after the 2014 growing season. Corn was produced in the field both years.   The project hypotheses are to: 1) Soil compaction does impact corn growth, development and yield; 2) Soil compacted in the fall season by farm equipment is measurable the followin... S. Sivarajan, S. Bajwa, J. Nowatzki

508. Soil Mapping And Modeling On Twenty-Five Ingredients Using A Real-Time Soil Sensor

Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy is an effective measurement method for estimating many soil ingredients at once. In precision agriculture, rapid, non-destructive, cost-effective and convenient soil analysis techniques are needed for soil management, crop quality control using fertilizer, manure and compost, and variable-rate input for soil variability in a field. We obtained Twenty-five calibration models based on Vis-NIR (305 - 1700 nm) underground soil ... M. Kodaira, S. Shibusawa

509. Soil Microbial Communities Have Distinct Spatial Patterns in Agricultural Fields

Soil microbial communities mediate many important soil processes in agricultural fields, however their spatial distribution at distances relevant to precision agriculture is poorly understood. This study examined the soil physico-chemical properties and topographic features controlling the spatial distribution of soil microbial communities in a commercial potato field in eastern Canada using next generation sequencing. Soil was collected from a transect (1100 m) with 83 sampling points in a l... B. Zebarth, C. Goyer, S. Neupane, S. Li, A. Mills, S. Whitney, A. Cambouris, I. Perron

510. Soil Moisture Variability on Golf Course Fairways Across the United States: an Opportunity for Water Conservation with Precision Irrigation

Fairways account for an average of 11.3 irrigated hectares on each of the 15,000+ golf courses in the US. Annual median water use per hectare on fairways is between ~2,800,000 and 14,000,000 liters, depending on the region. Conventional fairway irrigation relies on visual observation of the turfgrass, followed by secondary considerations of short-term weather forecasts, which oftentimes lead to “blanket” applications to the entire area. The concept of precision irrigation is a str... C. Straw, C. Bolton, J. Young, R. Hejl, J. Friell, E. Watkins

511. Soil Spatial Variability Assessment and Precision Nutrient Management in Maize (Zea Mays L.)

Investigations on soil spatial variability and precision nutrient management based targeted yield approach in maize was carried out at Agricultural research station (ARS), Mudhol (Karnataka), India under irrigated condition during 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16. ARS, Mudhol is located in northern dry zone of Karnataka at 160 20! N latitude, 750 15! E longitude and at an altitude of 577.6 meter above mean sea level. To assess the spatial variability, the study area was divided into 20 x20 m size... M.P. Potdar, G.B. Balol, S.A. Satyareddi, B.T. Nadagouda , C.P. Chandrashekar

512. Soil Variability Mapping with Airborne Gamma-ray Spectrometry and Magnetics

The knowledge of spatial distribution of agricultural soils physical and chemical properties is critical for profitable and sustainable crop and food production. The collection of soil data presents however obvious problems arising from sampling a dense, opaque and very heterogeneous medium. Conventional methods consisting of ground-based grid survey are laborious, expensive and lack appropriate spatial resolution to allow best farm management decision. Over the past 50 years, airborne geophy... L. Ameglio, E. Stettler, D. Eberle

513. Soil, Landscape, and Weather Affect Spatial Distributions of Corn Population and Yield

As more planters are equipped with the technology to vary seeding rate, evaluation of the within-field relationships between plant stand density (or population) and yield is needed. One aspect of this evaluation is determining how stand loss and yield are related to soil and landscape factors, and how these relationships vary with different weather conditions. Therefore, this research examined nine site-years of mapped corn yield, harvest population, and soil and landscape data obtained for a... K.A. Sudduth, N.R. Kitchen, L.S. Conway

514. soil2data: Concept for a Mobile Field Laboratory for Nutrient Analysis

Knowledge of the small-scale nutrient status of arable land is an important basis for optimizing fertilizer use in crop production. A mobile field laboratory opens up the possibility of carrying out soil sampling and nutrient analysis directly on the field. In addition to the benefits of fast data availability and the avoidance of soil material transport to the laboratory, it provides a future foundation for advanced application options, e.g. a high sampling density, sampling of small sub-fie... V. Tsukor, C. Scholz, W. Nietfeld, T. Heinrich, T. Mosler , F. Lorenz, E. Najdenko, A. Möller, D. Mentrup, A. Ruckelshausen, S. Hinck

515. SoilView, LLC

SoilView is an independent provider specializing in precision sampling and field services for agriculture retail, research groups, universities, and the evolving carbon market. Our areas of expertise include sampling for soil nutrients, carbon sampling, soil health and biology, and custom sampling processes for field research. We aim to remove the burden of sample collection for our customers by expertly managing all steps from field collection to final data delivery.   Our... R. Shorkey

516. Sound Based Detection Of Moths In Open Fields

Introduction   Open field farming of tomatoes suffers from the presence of harmful moths whose larvas are devastating. Detecting automatically the presence of moths allows regulating the use of pesticides, according to the actual population present in the field. Up to now, sex pheromone traps have been used, the number of captured insects giving some indication about the population. However, proper inspection of the traps i... F. Rossant, J. Orensanz, D. Boisgontier, N. Bouhlel, M. Lagarrigue

517. Soybean Maturity Stage Estimation with Unmanned Aerial Systems

Many agronomic decisions in soybean production systems revolve around crop maturity. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of UAS to determine when soybeans have reached maturity stage sufficient for harvest aid application. A producer typically applies harvest aid chemicals when he or she perceives the crop has reached a critical level of maturity (R6.5) based on a subjective assessment. A convention is to apply harvest aids when 65% of soybean pods reach a matur... J.M. Prince czarnecki, L.L. Wasson, J.T. Irby, A.B. Scholtes, S.M. Carver

518. Soybean Plant Phenotyping Using Low-Cost Sensors

Plant phenotyping techniques are important to present the performance of a crop and it interaction with the environment. The phenotype information is important for plant breeders to analyze and understand the plant responses from the ambient conditions and the inputs offered for it. However, for conclusive analysis it is necessary a large number of individuals. Thus, phenotyping is the bottleneck of plant breeding, a consequence of the labor intensive and costly nature of the classical phenot... M.N. Ferraz, R.G. Trevisan, M.T. Eitelwein, J. Molin, F.H. Karp

519. Soybean Variable Rate Planting Simulator Using Economic Scenarios

Soybean seed costs have increased considerably over the past 15 years, causing a growing interest in variable rate planting (VRP) to optimize seeding rates within soybean fields. We developed a publicly available online Soybean Variable Rate Planting Simulator (http://analytics.iasoybeans.com/cool-apps/SoybeanVRPsimulator/) tool to help farmers, agronomists, and other agriculturalists to understand the essential prerequisite agronomic or economic conditions necessary for profitable VRP implem... B. Mcarthor , A. Prestholt, P. Kyveryga

520. Spatial Analysis of Soil Moisture and Turfgrass Health to Determine Zones for Spatially Variable Irrigation Management

The Western United States is currently experiencing a “Mega Drought”. This makes efficient water use more important than ever. Turfgrass is a major vegetation type in urban areas and performs many ecosystem services such as cooling through evapotranspiration, fixing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing wild-fire risk. There are now more acres of irrigated turfgrass (>40 million) in the USA than irrigated corn, wheat and fruit trees combined (Milesi et al., 2005). It has been... R. Kerry, S. Shumate, B. Ingram, K. Hammond, D. Gunther, R. Jensen, S. Schill, N. Hansen, B. Hopkins

521. Spatial and Temporal Factors Impacting Incremental Corn Nitrogen Fertilier Use Efficiency

Current tools for making crop N fertilizer recommendations are primarily based on plot and field studies that relate the recommendation to the economic optional N rate (EONR).  Some tools rely entirely on localized EONR (e.g., MRTN). In recent years, tools have been developed or adapted to  account for within-field variation in crop N need or variable within season factors. Separately, attention continues to elevate for how N fertilizer recommendations might account for environmenta... N.R. Kitchen, C.J. Ransom, J.S. Schepters, J.L. Hatfield, R. Massey

522. Spatial Decision Support System: Controlled Tile Drainage – Calculate Your Benefits

Climate projection studies suggest that extreme heat waves and floods will become more frequent, affecting future crop yields by 20%-30%, globally. Managing vulnerability and risk begins at the farm level where best management practices can reduce the impacts associated with extreme weather events. A practice that can assist in mitigating the impact of some extreme events is controlled tile drainage (CTD). With CTD, producers use water flow control structures to manage the drainage of water f... A. Kross, G. Kaur, D. Callegari, D. Lapen, M. Sunohara, H. Mcnairn, H. Rudy, L. Van vliet

523. Spatial Dependence Of Soil Compaction In Annual Cycle Of Different Culture Of Cane Sugar For Sandy Soil

The Currently practiced mechanization for the production of sugar cane involves a heavy traffic of machinery and equipment. Studying the culture in its development environment generates a huge amount of information to fit the top managements and varieties for specific environments. The sugar cane cultivation has a heavy traffic of machinery and equipment, having more than 20 operations per cycle, and being more intense during harvest, providing incre... I. Marasca, F.C. Masiero, D.A. Fiorese, S.S. Guerra, K.P. Lancas

524. Spatial Variability of Canola Yield Related to Terrain Attributes Within Producer's Fields

Canola production in the Canadian Prairies varies considerably within and between producer's fields.  This study describes the variability of crop yield in producer's fields in the context of terrain attributes, and in relation to fertilizer rates in management zones determined from historical yield.  Canola yield data were collected for 27 fields in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba Canada in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.  Several terrain attributes accounted for a consi... A. Moulin, M. Khakbazan

525. Spatial Variability of Optimized Herbicide Mixtures and Dosages

Driven by 25 years of Danish, political 'pesticide action plans', aiming at reducing the use of pesticides, a Danish Decision Support System (DSS) for Integrated Weed Management (IWM) has been constructed. This online tool, called ‘IPMwise’ is now in its 4th generation. It integrates the 8 general IPM-principles as defined by the EU. In Denmark, this DSS includes 30 crops, 105 weeds and full assortments of herbicides. Due to generic qualities in both the integrat... P. Rydahl, R.N. Jorgensen, M. Dyrmann, N. Jensen, M.D. Sorensen, O.M. Bojer, P. Andersen

526. Spatial Variability Of Soil Compaction In Annual Cycle Of Different Culture Of Cane Sugar Land Clay Sandy

The assessment of soil compaction levels and choosing the best management system are very important in modern agriculture, aiming to prevent or at least restore their physical conditions to a satisfactory level. The renewal of sugar cane plantation happens on average every 5 or 6 years. The current way repeats a sequence compaction and decompaction events during successive cycles of sugarcane, which promotes breakdown of soil structure. During the harvesting and transportation, ... F.C. Masiero, B.B. Fernandes, S.P. Guerra, K.P. Lanças, I. Marasca

527. Spatial Variability Of Soil Properties And Yield Of An Alfalfa Pasture Under Grazing In Brazil

Alfalfa is extremely demanding in fertility, and an adequate supply of nutrients is important for forage production and is essential to maintain high forage quality and profitable yields. Tropical acid soils are naturally poor in plant nutrients, therefore, soil liming and balanced nutrient supply essential to ensure high yields and high alfalfa forage quality. The knowledge of soil properties spatial variability and forage yield is useful for the rational use of inputs, as in the variab... A. Bernardi

528. Spatial Variation And Correlation Between Electric Conductivity (EM38), Penetration Resistance And CO2 Emissions From A Cultivated Peat Soil

Peatlands in their natural state accumulate organic matter and bind large quantities of carbon (5 - 50 g C/m2/year). The drainage and cultivation of peat soils increase the aeration of the soil, which increase the brake down of the organic matter. The degradation of the organic material release greenhouse gases such as CO2, N2O and CH4. CO2 emissions dominate when the soil has high oxygen levels, while CH4 mainly ... &.E. Berglund

529. Spatially Explicit Prediction of Soil Nutrients and Characteristics in Corn Fields Using Soil Electrical Conductivity Data and Terrain Attributes

Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) in corn production environments can increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce gaseous and leaching losses. To implement SSNM plans, farmers need methods to monitor and map the spatial and temporal trends of soil nutrients. High resolution electrical conductivity (EC) mapping is becoming more available and affordable. The hypothesis for this study is that EC of the soil, in conjunction with detailed terrain attributes, can be used to map soil nutrient... S. Sela, N. Graff, K. Mizuta, Y. Miao

530. Specification Of Data Dimension To Measure The Data Quality On Cotton Production

The management of cotton cultivation and agriculture in general, depend on quality data enabling the retrieving of useful information as an aid in decision making related to management techniques and farm management . Part of this task depends intelligible data generated through the processes that make up this segment . Creating means for enabling the classification data is the starting point for making decisions regarding any corrections or adjustments in the mass data . The heterogenei... C. Santos, A. Hirakawa

531. Spectral High-Throughput Assessments Of Phenotypic Differences In Spike Development, Biomass And Nitrogen Partitioning During Grain Filling Of Wheat Under High Yielding Western European Conditions

Single plant traits such as green biomass, spike dry weight, biomass and nitrogen (N) transfer to grains are important traits for final grain yield. However, methods to assess these traits are laborious and expensive. Spectral reflectance measurements allow researchers to assess cultivar differences of yield-related plant traits and translocation parameters that are affected by different genetic material and varying amounts of available N. In a field experiment, six high-yielding wheat c... U. Schmidhalter, K. Erdle

532. Spotweeds: a Multiclass UASs Acquired Weed Image Dataset to Facilitate Site-specific Aerial Spraying Application Using Deep Learning

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs)-based spot spraying application is considered a boon in Precision Agriculture (PA). Because of spot spraying, the amount of herbicide usage has reduced significantly resulting in less water contamination or crop plant injury. In the last demi-decade, Deep Learning (DL) has displayed tremendous potential to accomplish the task of identifying weeds for spot spraying application. Also, most of the ground-based weed management technologies have relied on DL techniqu... N. Rai, Y. Zhang, J. Quanbeck, A. Christensen, X. Sun

533. Springer

Springer is a leading global scientific, technical and medical publisher, providing researchers in academia, scientific institutions and corporate R&D departments with quality content via innovative information products and services. Springer is part of Springer Nature, one of the world’s leading global research, educational and professional publishers. ...

534. Stem Characteristics and Local Environmental Variables for Assessment of Alfalfa Winter Survival

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is considered the queen of forage due to its high yield, nutritional qualities, and capacity to sequester carbon. However, there are issues with its relatively low persistency and winter survival as compared to grass. Winter survival in alfalfa is affected by diverse factors, including the environment (e.g., snow cover, hardiness period, etc.) and management (e.g., cutting timing, manure application, etc.). Alfalfa's poor winter survival reduces the number of ... M. Saifuzzaman, V. Adamchuk, M. Leduc

535. Strategies For Scientific Communication Of Precision Agriculture In Brazil

Scientific knowledge popularization is the way to the society access technical scientific advances. The challenge is to increase the means, channels and processes of information and relationship with society and decode scientific issues into a format that makes knowledge accessible. The Embrapa Precision Agriculture Network has been used scientific communication strategies at the traditional and new media, as a way of approach with various stakeholders, contributing to the const... C.V. fragalle, J.C. Silva, E.P. fragalle, R.Y. Inamasu, A.C. Bernardi

536. Strawberry Pest Detection Using Deep Learning and Automatic Imaging System

Strawberry growers need to monitor pests to determine the options for pest management to reduce damage to yield and quality.  However, manually counting strawberry pests using a hand lens is time-consuming and biased by the observer. Therefore, an automated rapid pest scouting method in the strawberry field can save time and improve counting consistency. This study utilized six cameras to take images of the strawberry leaf. Due to the relatively small size of the strawberry pest, six cam... C. Zhou, W. Lee, A. Pourreza, J.K. Schueller, O.E. Liburd, Y. Ampatzidis, G. Zuniga-ramirez

537. Study Of Spatio-Temporal Variation Of Soil Nutrients In Paddy Rice Planting Farm

It is significant to analysis the spatial and temporal variation of soil nutrients for precision agriculture especially in large-scale farms. For the data size of soil nutrients grows once after sampling which mostly by the frequency of one year or months, to discover the changing trends of exact nutrient would be instructive for the fertilization in the future. In this study, theories of GIS and geostatistics were used to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of soi... C. Wang, T. Chen, J. Dong, C. Li

538. Study On Plant Health Condition Monitoring Using Acoustic Radiation Force

In recent years, irrigation method using the negative pressure difference attracts attention from the point of view of water saving. In addition, it is proved that this technique is effective in upbringing of the plant as well as saving of water. By measuring water distribution of soil, active irrigation control will be performed In our previous study, we confirmed that the resonance frequency of a leaf is influenced by the water stress to the plant. Thus the vibration measureme... Y. Nakagawa, M. Sano, T. Shirakawa, K. Yamagishi, T. Sugihara, M. Ohaba, S. Shibusawa, T. Sugimoto

539. Study On The Automatic Monitoring Technology For Fuji Fruit Color Based On Machine Vision

  Fruit color is one of the important indicators of quality and commodities. Three kinds of the traditional methods are used to evaluate fruit color, including artificial visual identification, fruit standard color cards and color measurement instrument. These methods are needed to be conducted in the field by persons, which are time-consuming and labored, and also difficult to obtain the dynamic color information of the target fruits in the growth process. This study ... M. Chen, M. Li, J. Qian, W. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Yang

540. sUAVS Technology For Better Monitoring Crop Status For Winter Canola

The small-unmanned aircraft vehicles (sUAVS) are currently gaining more popularity in agriculture with uses including identification of weeds and crop production issues, diagnosing nutrient deficiencies, detection of chemical drift, scouting for pests, identification of biotic or abiotic stresses, and prediction of biomass and yield. Research information on the use of sUAVS have been published and conducted in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn, but the development of... I.A. Ciampitti, K. Shroyer, V. Prasad, A. Sharda, M.J. Stamm, H. Wang, K. Price, D. Mangus

541. Suitability Of Crop Canopy Sensors For Determining Irrigation Differences In Maize

Water is the most limiting factor for agricultural production in the semiarid environment of the western Great Plains of the United States.  Dry climate conditions combined with a large availability of ground water has led to crop systems that are dependent on irrigation for maximum yields.  An increased emphasis on water is forcing users to find new ways to increase the efficiency of water used for agriculture.  Crop canopy sensors may have the potential to deter... G. Kruger, S. Van donk, T.M. Shaver

542. Suitability Of Fluorescence Sensors To Estimate The Susceptibility Degree Of Spring Barley To Powdery Mildew And Leaf Rust

The overall role of precision agriculture is not restricted to those systems for in-field and in-season sensing of the impact of stresses. Much more, its contribution comprises the prevention of stresses, amongst others by supporting the selection of appropriate and stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs. In this context, the development, selection and use of cultivars which are tolerant to pathogens establish an essential tool for a more sustainable and environmental-fr... G. Leufen, G. Noga, M. Hunsche

543. Suitability of ML Algorithms to Predict Wild Blueberry Harvesting Losses

The production of wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium.) is contributing 112.2 million dollars to the Canada’s revenue which can be further increased through controlling harvest losses. A precise prediction of blueberry harvesting losses is necessary to mitigate such losses. In this study, the performance of three machine learning (ML) models was evaluated to predict the wild blueberry harvest losses on the ground. The data from four commercial fields in Atlantic Canada we... H. Khan, T. Esau, A. Farooque, F. Abbas

544. Sun Effect on the Estimation of Wheat Ear Density by Deep Learning

Ear density is one of the yield components of wheat and therefore a variable of high agronomic interest. Its traditional measurement necessitates laborious human observations in the field or destructive sampling. In the recent years, deep learning based on RGB images has been identified as a low-cost, robust and high-throughput alternative to measure this variable. However, most of the studies were limited to the computer challenge of counting the ears in the images, without aiming to convert... S. Dandrifosse, E. Ennadifi, A. Carlier, B. Gosselin, B. Dumont, B. Mercatoris

545. Supervised Feature Selection and Clustering for Equine Activity Recognition

In this paper we introduce a novel supervised algorithm for equine activity recognition based on accelerometer data. By combining an approach of calculating a wide variety of time-series features with a supervised feature significance test we can obtain the best suited features using just 5 labeled samples per class and without requiring any expert domain knowledge. By using a simple cluster assignment algorithm with these obtained features, we get a classification algorithm that achieves a m... T. De waele, D. Peralta, A. Shahid, E. De poorter

546. Supporting and Analysing On-Farm Nitrogen Tramline Trials So Farmers, Industry, Agronomists and Scientists Can LearN Together

Nitrogen fertilizer decisions are considered important for the agronomic, economic and environmental performance of cereal crop production. Despite good recommendation systems large unpredicted variation exists in measured N requirements. There may be fields and farms that are consistently receiving too much or too little N fertilizer, therefore losing substantial profit from wasted fertilizer or lost yield. Precision farming technologies can enable farmers (& researchers) to test appropr... D. Kindred, R. Sylvester-bradley, S. Clarke, S. Roques, D. Hatley, B. Marchant

547. Survey of Pesticide Application Practices and Technologies in Georgia Agricultural Crops

Georgia is a leading producer of numerous crops including cotton, peanut, blueberries, pecans, bell peppers, cabbage, watermelons, and peaches in the United States. Pesticide applications are critical for the successful production of these crops. Pesticide regulations and application technologies are changing rapidly due to growing concerns around off-target movement and increased focus on improving the efficiency and efficacy of pesticide applications. In order to provide suitable ... S.S. Virk, E.P. Prostko

548. Survey Shows Specialty and Commodity Crop Retailers Use Precision Agriculture Differently

The 2021 CropLife-Purdue Survey of precision agricultural practices by US agricultural input dealers serving the American grain and oilseed sector shows that most of them use GPS guidance and related technologies like sprayer boom control, most provide variable rate fertilizer services, and the majority say that fertilizer decisions are influenced by grower data. In contrast, dealers serving horticultural and specialty crop farms indicate comparatively modest adoption of many precision agricu... B.J. Erickson, J. Lowenberg-deboer

549. Sustainable Grain Production With Continuous Improvements And Lean Production

Few farmers are dedicated to critically examine their production processes. When something needs to be improved, the focus is on production with a concentration on the biological. But the profitability of a company is created by the production (what I do) and organization (how I do it). Agricultural advisory services are well developed in Sweden with services related to biological production (crop production planning, soil mapping, etc.) but there are no corresponding activities... B. Sundström, H. Åström, A. Rydberg, J. Olsson

550. Sustainable Use Of Irrigation Water

  The water footprint of irrigation systems can be reduced significantly by combining data from Electromagnetic (EM) soil survey with variable rate technology on irrigators. Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) is providing annual irrigation water savings of between 25 -50% on farms throughout NZ.  Flow-on benefits include reduced pumping costs, improved crop yields and soil health along with reduced nutrients leaching to groundwater. ... C. Mackenzie

551. Synchronized Windrow Intelligent Perception System (SWIPE)

The practice of bale production, in forage agriculture, involves various machines that include tractors, tedders, rakers, and balers. As part of the baling process, silage material is placed in windrows, linearly raked mounds, to drive over with a baler for easy collection into bales. Traditionally, a baler is an implement that is attached on the back of a tractor to generate bales of a specific shape. Forage agricultural equipment manufacturers have recently released an operator driven, self... E.M. Dupont, P.R. Kolar

552. Teaching Mathematics Towards Precision Agriculture Through Data Analysis and Models

Precision agriculture is used in a wide variety of field operations and agricultural practices that affect our daily lives. Many fields of agriculture are increasingly adopting equipment automation, robotics, and machine learning techniques. These all lead to recognize that data collection and exploitation is a valuable tool assisting in real-time farming and livestock decisions. Thus, the immediate need to empower students in Agriculture Sciences with mathematical tools using data analysis i... R. Sviercoski

553. Temperature Effect on Wild Blueberry Fruit Quality During Mechanical Harvest

Mechanical harvesters, utilizing a range of technologies, have been developed for timely operations and remain the most cost-effective means of picking the wild blueberry crop. Approximately 95% of wild blueberries in Atlantic Canada are immediately frozen and processed, while only a small percentage is sold in the fresh market. However, the producers can benefit by increasing the value of their harvested crop through fresh market sales. The objective of this study was to determine the optimu... T.J. Esau, A.A. Farooque, F. Abbas

554. Temporal Analysis of Correlation of NDVI with Growth and Yield Features of Rice Plants

In this paper we present a temporal correlation analysis of NDVI with with Growth and Yield Features of Rice Plants.  A half ha experimental rice field was established south-west of Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia (4°22'54.192"N, 75°09'17.222"W.  For the experimental design in the plot, four rows were established for nitrogen, three for phosphorous and three for potassium. For nitrogen, each row contained five treatments allocated randomly.&n... O. Barrero, L.A. Castilla

555. The Animal Welfare of Dairy Cows Housed in Free-Stall Barn According to the Welfare Quality® Protocol: Good Feeding and Good Housing Principles

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the animal welfare of dairy cows according to good feeding and good housing principles of the Welfare Quality® protocol. The protocol was applied to animals kept confined in a free-stall barn during their lactation. The farm was located in São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais state - Brazil. One hundred and one animals were evaluated (47 primiparous and 54 multiparous). The welfare measures were collected mostly t... G.M. Dallago, M. Guimarães, R. Godinho, R. Carvalho, A. Lobo júnior

556. The Central China Agricultural High-Tech Industry Development Zone

This is a presentation on precision ag opportunities in China. ... E. You fu

557. The Correlation Between Criteria from Welfare Quality® Protocol Applied to Dairy Cows Housed in Free-Stall Barn

The objective of this study was to evaluate correlations between animal welfare criteria from the Welfare Quality® protocol applied to dairy cows. The protocol was applied on 47 primiparous and 54 multiparous dairy cows housed in a free-stall barn located in São João Batista do Glória, Minas Gerais - Brazil. Twelve welfare criteria were obtained from mostly animal-based welfare measures as proposed by the protocol. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated ... G.M. Dallago, M. Guimarães, R. Godinho, R. Carvalho, A. Lobo júnior

558. The Effect of Slope Gradient on the Modelling of Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Different Tillage Systems at a Farm Using Precision Tillage Technology in Hungary

Understanding the role of natural drivers in greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted by agricultural soils is crucial because it contributes to selecting and adapting acceptable eco-friendly farming practices. Hence, Syngenta Ltd. collaborating with researchers, aimed to investigate the effect of two tillage treatments, conventional-tillage (CT) and minimum-tillage (MT) on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The research field is in Hungary. Soil columns were derived from different tillage s... I.M. Kulmany, S. Benke, L. Bede, R. Pecze, V. Vona

559. The Guelph Plot Analyzer: Semi-Automatic Extraction of Small-Plot Research Data from Aerial Imagery

Small-plot trials are the foundation of open-field agricultural research because they strike a balance between the control of an artificial environment and the realism of field-scale production. However, the size and scope of this research field is often limited by the ability to collect data, which is limited by access to labour. Remote sensing has long been investigated to allocate labour more efficiently, therefore enabling the rapid collection of data. Imagery collected by unmanned aerial... J. Nederend, D. Drover, B. Reiche, B. Deen, L. Lee, G.W. Taylor

560. The Impact of Precision Agriculture Technologies on Farm Profitability in Kansas

Even with more than a decade long adoption of the precision agriculture (PA) technologies in the United States, its impact on farm profitability is still not clear. This paper uses farm level data from Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) to conduct the ex-post evaluation of PA technologies on farm profitability in Kansas. The analysis of the data using propensity score matching method indicates that there is on an average $60,000 difference in net returns of the farm with at least one P... S. Dhoubhadel, T.W. Griffin

561. The Influence of Calf’s Sex on Total Milk Yield and Its Constituents of Dairy Cows

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the sex of the calf on total milk yield and its constituents of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The Holstein Livestock Breeders Association of Minas Gerais provided data collected over the years from 2000 to 2016 from 127 dairy farms located in the state of Minas Gerais – Brazil. The data set analyzed contained 61747 observations of Holstein-Friesian animals that calved female (n = 28903) or male (n = 32844) calf. Fat, pro... G.M. Dallago, D. Figueiredo, R. Santos, D. Santos, L. Barroso, G. Alves, J. Vieira, L. Guimarães, C. Santos , L. Maciel

562. The Influence Of The Interpolation Method In The Management Zones Generation

The definition of management zones (MZ) allows the concepts of precision agriculture (PA) to be used even in small producers. Methods for defining these MZ were created and are being used, obtaining satisfactory results with different crops and parameters (FLEMING & WESTFALL, 2000; ORTEGA & SANTIBÁÑEZ, 2007; MILANI et al., 2006). Through methodologies, the attributes that are influencing the productivity are selected and thematic maps are generated with the... K. Schenatto, C. Bazzi, V. Bier, E. Souza

563. The ISO Strategic Advisory Group for Smart Farming: a Multi-pronged Opportunity for Greater Global Interoperability

Agriculture is becoming increasingly complex and producers must secure their profitability, sustainability, and freedom to operate under a progressively more challenging set of constraints such as climate change, regulatory pressure, changes in consumer preferences, increasing cost of inputs, and commodity price volatility. We have not, however, yet reached the level of data interoperability required for a truly "smart" farming that can tackle the aforementioned probl... R. Ferreyra, J. Lehmann

564. The Most Sensitive Growth Stage To Quantify Nitrogen Stress In Sugarcane Using Active Crop Canopy Sensor

The use of sensors that allow the application of nitrogen fertilizer at variable rate has been widely used by researchers in many agricultural crops, but without success in sugarcane, probably due to the difficulty of diagnosing the nutritional status of the crop for nitrogen (N). Active crop canopy sensors are based on the principle that the spectral reflectance curve of the leaves are modified by N level. Researchers in USA indicated that in-season N stress in corn can be dete... S.G. Castro, O.T. Kolln, H.S. Nakao, H.C. Franco, O. Braunbeck, P.S. Graziano magalhães, G.M. Sanches

565. The Performance Of Mobile Devices' Inertial Measurement Unit For The Detection Of Cattle's Behaviors On Pasture

Over the past decade, the Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) concept has taken a considerable place in the development of accurate methods for a better management of farm animals. The recent technological improvements allow the raising of numerous motion sensors such as accelerometers and GPS tracking. Several studies have shown the relevancy of these sensors to distinguish the animals’ behavior using various classification techniques such as neuronal networks or ... A. Andriamandroso, B. Dumont, F. Lebeau, J. Bindelle

566. The Profitability of Variable Rate Lime in Wheat

Grid sampling allows a variable rate of lime to be applied and has been marketed as a cost saver to producers. However, there is little research that shows if this precision application is profitable or not. Previous research on variable-rate lime has considered only a small number of fields. This paper uses soil sampling data from 170 fields provided by producers in Oklahoma and Kansas. We compare net returns of variable rate to uniform rate lime for grain only wheat production, dual-purpose... B. Mills, B. Brorsen, D. Arnall

567. The Spatial And Temporal Variability Analysis Of Wheat Yield in suburban of Beijing

  Abstract: The yield map is the basis of the fertilization maps and plant maps. In order to diagnose the cause of variation accurately, not only the spatial variation of annual yield data, but also the successive annual yield data of temporal variability should be understood.The introduction of yield monitor system, global positioning system (GPS), and geographic information system have provided new methods to obtain wheat yield in precision agriculture.... Z. Meng, Z. Wang, G. Wu, W. Fu, X. An

568. The Spread of Precision Livestock Farming Technology at Dairy Farms in East Hungary

During the survey, 25 dairy farms were examined in East Hungary in Hajdú-Bihar (H-B) County between 2017 and 2018 by methodical observation and oral interviews with the farm managers, about the spread of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies. Among Holstein Friesian dairy farms in the County 60% were questioned, and the representativity was above 47 percent ins each size category. Nine precision farming equipment were examined on the farms: milking robot or robotic carousel mi... C. Nándor, T. Rátonyi, E. Harsányi, P. Ragán, Z. Hagymássy, J. Nagy, A. Vántus

569. The TOAS Project: UAV Technology For Optimizing Herbicide Applications In Weed-Crop Systems

Site-specific weed management refers to the application of customised control treatments, mainly herbicide, only where weeds are located within the crop-field. In this context, the TOAS project is being developed under the financial support of the European Commission with the main objective of generating georeferenced weed infestation maps of certain herbaceous (corn and sunflower) and permanent woody crops (poplar and olive orchards) by using aerial images collected by an unmanned aeria... J.M. Peña, J. Torres-sanchez, A.I. De castro, J. Dorado, F. Lopez-granados

570. The Use Of A Multirotor And High-Resolution Imaging For Precision Horticulture In Chile: An Industry Perspective

As part of the prototype development of a yield forecasting and precision agriculture service for Chilean horticulture, we evaluated the use of an eight-rotor Mikrokopter for high-resolution aerial imaging to support ground-based surveys. Specific considerations for UAV and communications performance under Chilean conditions are windy conditions, limited space for take-off and landing in orchards, tree height and plantation density, and the presence of high metal contents in soils. We di... I. Zamora, D. Wulfsohn

571. The Use of Spatial and Temporal Measures to Enhance the Sensitivity of Satellite-based Spectral Vegetation Indices to (Water) Stress in Maize Fields

Climate change and water scarcity are reducing the available irrigation water for agriculture thus turning it into a limited resource. Today calculating and estimating crop water requirements are achieved through the ETc FAO-56 model where the effect of climate on crop water requirement is determined through the water evaporation from the soil and plant (ETref), and a calendar crop coefficient (Kc). Models t... Y. Goldwasser, V. Alchanati, E. Goldshtein, Y. Cohen, A. Gips, I. Nadav

572. Thermal Sensing Of Roses Affected By Downy Mildew

Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Peronospora sparsa affects roses and is a serious problem in nurseries and cut roses in commercial greenhouses, especially in those without heating systems. The disease, which affects the quality and the yield of roses, develops fast under suitable environmental conditions. Currently it is controlled mainly by the application of foliar fungicides and removal of symptomatic plant material due to the limited availability of resistant cu... E. Oerke , H. Dehne, S. Gómez, U. Steiner

573. Three Years of On-Farm Evaluation of Dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation: What Have We Learned?

This paper will present a dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation System developed by the University of Georgia. The system consists of the EZZone management zone delineation tool, the UGA Smart Sensor Array (UGA SSA) and an irrigation scheduling decision support tool. An experiment was conducted in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in two different peanut fields to evaluate the performance of using the UGA SSA to dynamically schedule Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI). For comparison reasons strips were designed wit... V. Liakos, W. Porter, X. Liang, M. Tucker, A. Mclendon, C. Perry, G. Vellidis

574. Through the Grass Ceiling: Using Multiple Data Sources on Intra-Field Variability to Reset Expectations of Pasture Production and Farm Profitability

Intra-field variability has received much attention in arable and horticultural contexts. It has resulted in increased profitability as well as reduced environmental footprint. However, in a pastoral context, the value of understanding intra-field variability has not been widely appreciated. In this programme, we used available technologies to develop multiple data layers on multiple fields within a dairy farm. This farm was selected as it was already performing at a high level, with well-dev... W. King, R. Dynes, S. Laurenson, S. Zydenbos, R. Macauliffe, A. Taylor, M. Manning, A. Roberts, M. White

575. Time Series Analysis of Somatic Cell Count from Dairy Herds in Minas Gerais - Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal variation of somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of dairy cows from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Holstein Livestock Breeders Association of Minas Gerais provided data collected from 128 dairy farms located in the state of Minas Gerais between the years of 2000 and 2016. The database contains the SCC average of a total of 91,851 305-day lactations of Holstein animals. The annual SCC average was calculated as well as the percentage ... G.M. Dallago, D. Figueiredo, R. Santos, D. Santos, L. Guimarães, C. Santos, T. Castro, A. Santos, L. Otoni, J. Andrade

576. Tomato Development Monitoring In An Open Field, Using A Two-Camera Acquisition System

  Introduction   Optimal harvesting date and predicted yield are valuable information when farming open field tomatoes, making harvest planning and work at the processing plant much easier. Monitoring growth during tomato?s early stages is also interesting to assess plant stress or abnormal development. Yet, it is very challenging due to the colours and the high degree of ... F. Rossant, I. Bloch, J. Orensanz, D. Boisgontier, U. Verma, M. Lagarrigue

577. Toward a Precision Agricultural Implementation for Sugar Cane Plantations in Southwestern Region of Colombia, South America

The Colombian Sugar Cane Research Center, CENICAÑA, has initiated an ambitious project for the implementation of Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies in the Cauca river valley region, where one of its main objectives is to have the ability to collect large volumes of geospatial data. The main sugarcane growers in the country perform their work in the selected work area, which covers an area of ​​approximately 242,000 ha, characterized by diverse topographic and edaphic condition... J.A. Celades, J.H. Caicedo, C.E. García, H. Mora

578. Toward More Precise Sugar Beet Management Based On Geostatistical Analysis Of Spatial Variabilty Within Fields

Abstract: Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yields in England are predicted to increase in the future, due to the advances in plant breeding and agronomic progress, but the intra-field variations in yield due to the variability in soil properties is considerable. This paper explores the within-field spatial variation in environmental variables and crop development during the growing season and their link to spatial variation in sugar beet y... A.J. Murdoch, S.A. Mahmood

579. Toward Smart Soybean Variety Selection Using UAV-based Imagery and Machine Learning

The efficiency of crop breeding programs is evaluated by the genetic gain of a primary trait of interest, e.g., yield and resilience to stress, achieved in one year through artificial selection of advanced breeding materials. Conventional breeding programs select superior genotypes using the primary trait (yield) based on combine harvesters, which is labor-intensive and often unfeasible for single-row progeny trials due to their large population, complex genetic behavior, and high genotype-en... J. Zhou, J. Zhou

580. Towards Automated Pneumatic Thinning Of Floral Buds On Pear Trees

Thinning of pome and stone fruit is an important horticultural practice that is used to enhance fruit set and quality by removing excess floral buds. As it is still mostly conducted through manual labor, thinning comprises a large part of a grower’s production costs. Various thinning machines developed in recent years have clearly demonstrated that mechanization of this technique is both feasible and cost effective. Generally, these machines still lack sufficient selectivi... N. Wouters, R. Van beers, B. De ketelaere, T. Deckers, J. De baerdemaeker, W. Saeys

581. Towards Universal Applicability of On-the-Go Gamma-Spectrometry for Soil Texture Estimation in Precision Farming by Using Machine Learning Applications

High resolution soil data are an essential prerequisite for the application of precision farming techniques. Sensor-based evaluation of soil properties may replace or at least reduce laborious, time-consuming and expensive soil sampling with subsequent measurements in the lab. Gamma spectrometry usually provides information that can be translated into topsoil texture data after calibration. This is because the natural content of the radioactive isotopes 40-K, 232-Th, and 238-U as we... S. Pätzold, T. heggemann, M. Leenen, S. Koszinski, K. Schmidt, G. Welp

582. Tracking Two Decades of Precision Agriculture Through the Croplife Purdue Survey

The CropLife/Purdue University precision dealer survey is the longest-running continuous survey of precision farming adoption.  The 2017 survey is the 18th, conducted every year from 1997 to 2009, and then every other year following.  For individuals working in agriculture there is great value in knowing who is doing what and why, to get a better understanding of the utilities and applications, and to guide investments.  A major revision in survey questions was m... B. Erickson, J. Lowenberg-deboer, J. Bradford

583. Trials Of Precision Restoring Agriculture In Japan

The objective of the paper is to describe a tentative scheme of precision restoring agriculture in Japan. “3.11” in 2011 is the day the northeast Japan was attacked by the tri-disaster; a M 9.0 super earthquake, 10-m–high huge Tsunami, and explosions of Fukushima nuclear power station. Huge damage has been confirmed across the cities and rural communities, including agriculture and industry sectors along the coastline of more than 500 km. In th... S. Shibusawa

584. Two-Layer Multiple Soil-Property Mapping Measured with a Real-Time Soil Sensor

We obtained calibration models for 32 soil properties based on Vis-NIR (350 - 1700 nm) underground soil diffuse reflectance spectra collected using a real-time soil sensor (SAS3000) with a DGPS system, in order to generate soil property maps. We have previously demonstrated one-layer soil maps for soil management decision making by growers; however, for effective crop management, growers often wish to obtain complex layer information for their fields. Thus, in the present study, we measured t... M. Kodaira, S. Shibusawa

585. UAV Images As a Source for Retrieval of Machine Tracks and Vegetation Gaps Along Crop Rows

The trend of acquiring equipment and obtaining high resolution remote sensed images by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have been followed by sugarcane producers in Brazil, given its low cost. The images taken from fields have been used for retrieval of information like Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) from stereoscopy of overlapping images and spatial variance of biomass. In sugarcane production, driving deviations occur during planting because of manual steering inaccuracy, sliding of machines s... M. Spekken, J.P. Molin

586. UAV-based Hyperspectral Monitoring of Peach Trees As Affected by Silicon Applications and Water Stress Status

Previous research has shown that the application of reduced doses of Silicon (Si) improves crop tolerance to water stress, which is common in commercial young peach trees because irrigation is not usually applied during their first two years. In this study, aerial images were used to monitor the impact of different Si and water treatments on the hyperspectral response of peach trees. An experiment with 60 young (under 1 year old) peach trees located at the Musser Fruit Research Center (Seneca... J. Peña, J. Melgar, A. De castro, J. Maja, K. Nascimento-silva

587. Understanding Temporal and Spatial Variation of Soil Available Nutrients with Satellite Remote Sensing

Soil available nutrients are the key determinants in crop growth, field stable output and ecological balance. The soil nutrients loss and surplus can strongly influence the stability of field ecological environment and cause unnecessary pollution. Hence, optimizing the status of soil available nutrients status has significant ecological and economic significance. With the advancement of mechanized farming and control technologies, soil available nutrients can be optimize by variable rate fert... J. Meng, H. Fang, Z. Cheng

588. Unmanned Aerial System Applications In Washington State Agriculture

Three applications of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) based imaging were explored in row, field, and horticultural crops at Washington State University (WSU). The applications were: to evaluate the necrosis rate in potato field crop rotation trials, to quantify the emergence rates of three winter wheat advanced yield trials, and detecting canker disease-infection in pear. The UAS equipped with green-NDVI imaging was used to acquire field aerial images. In the first appli... L. Khot, S. Sankaran, D. Johnson, A. Carter, S. Serra, S. Musacchi, T. Cummings

589. Unmanned Aerial System To Determine Nitrogen Status In Maize

Maize field production shows spatial variability during vegetative crop growth that could be used to prescribe nitrogen variable rates. The use of portable sensors mounted on high-clearance applicators is well documented, however new UAS vehicle equipped with high resolution digital cameras could be used to determine crop spatial variability with the advantage of survey extensive field areas. To our knowledge, comparisons between vegetation indices obtained by a modified digital camera a... A.C. Kemerer, S.M. Albarenque, R.J. Melchiori

590. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for Mitigating Bird Damage in Wine Grapes

Bird predation is a significant problem in high-value fruit crops, such as apples, cherries, blueberries, and wine grapes. Conventional methods such as netting, falconry, auditory scaring devices, lethal shooting, and visual scare devices are reported to be ineffective, costly, and/or difficult to manage. Therefore, farmers are in need of more effective and affordable bird control methods. In this study, two UAS wasused as a bird-deterring agent in a commercial vineyard. The experimental... S. Bhusal, K. Khanal, M. Karkee, K.M. Steensma, M.E. Taylor

591. Unmanned Aerial Systems and Remote Sensing for Cranberry Production

Wisconsin is the largest producer of Cranberries in the United States with 5.6 million barrels produced in 2017. To date, Precision Agriculture technologies adapted to cranberry production have been limited. The objective of this research was to assess the feasibility of the use of commercial remote sensing devices and Unmanned Aerial Systems in cranberry production. Two commercially available sensors were assessed for use in cranberry production: 1) MicaSense Red Edge and 2) Zenmuse XT. Init... B. Luck, J. Drewry, E. Chassen, S. Steffan

592. USA Corn Farm Profits And Adoption Of Precision Agriculture

Demand for high-yielding, high-profit agricultural production practices is particularly strong among U.S. corn producers.  Precision agriculture and its suite of information technologies allow farm operators to fine-tune their production practices and could decrease input costs and increase yields by providing a level of detailed within-field information not previously available.  Technologies such as soil and yield mapping using a global positioning system (GPS), GPS tractor g... D. Schimmelpfennig

593. Usage of Milk Revenue Per Minute of Boxtime to Assess Cows Selection and Farm Profitability in Automatic Milking Systems

The number of farms implementing robotic milking systems, usually referred as automatic milking systems (AMS), is increasing rapidly. AMS efficiency is a priority to achieve high milk production and higher incomes from dairy herds. Recent studies suggested that milkability (i.e., amount of milk produced per total time spent in the AMS [kg milk/ minute of boxtime]) could be used for as a criteria for genetic evaluations. Therefore, an indicator of milkability was developed, which combines econ... L. Fadul-pacheco, G. Bisson, R. Lacroix, M. Séguin, R. Roy, E. Vasseur, D. Lefebvre

594. Use Cases for Real Time Data in Agriculture

Agricultural data of many types (yield, weather, soil moisture, field operations, topography, etc.) comes in varied geospatial aggregation levels and time increments. For much of this data, consumption and utilization is not time sensitive. For other data elements, time is of the essence. We hypothesize that better quality data (for those later analyses) will also follow from real-time presentation and application of data for it is during the time that data is being collected that errors can ... J. Krogmeier, D. Buckmaster, A. Ault, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, A. Layton, S. Noel, A. Balmos

595. Use Of Active Radiometers To Estimate Biomass, Leaf Area Index, And Plant Height In Cotton

Active radiometers have been tested extensively as tools to assess in-season nitrogen (N) status of crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).  Fewer studies target in-season plant growth parameters such as biomass, plant height or leaf area index (LAI).  Uses of this plant data include simulation modeling, total N uptake measurements, evapotranspiration (ET) estimates and irrigati... K.R. Thorp, J.W. White, M.M. Conley, J. Mon, K.F. Bronson

596. Use of Farmer’s Experience for Management Zones Delineation

In the management of spatial variability of the fields, the management zone approach (MZs) divides the area into sub-regions of minimal soil and plant variability, which have maximum homogeneity of topography and soil conditions, so that these MZs must lead to the same potential yield. Farmers have experience of which areas of a field have high and low yields, and the use of this knowledge base can allow the identification of MZs in a field based on production history. The objective of this s... K. Schenatto, E.G. Souza, C.L. Bazzi, A. Gavioli, N.M. Betzek, P.S. Magalhães

597. Use of Field Diagnostic Tools for Top Dressing Nitrogen Recommendation When Organic Manures Are Applied in Humid Mediterranean Conditions

Nitrogen is often applied in excessive quantities, causing nitrogen losses. In recent years, the management of large quantities of manure and slurry compounds has become a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the proxy tools Yara N-testerTMand RapidScan CS-45 for diagnosing the N nutritional status of wheat crops when farmyard manures were applied. Our second objective was to start designing a N fertilization strategy based on these measurements. To achieve these o... A. Castellón, A. Aizpurua, M. Aranguren

598. Use of MLP Neural Networks for Sucrose Yield Prediction in Sugarbeet

INTRODUCTION Sugar beet is one of the more technified agro industries in Spain. In the last years, it has leaded as well the digital transformation with the objective of maintaining sugar beet competitivity both national and internationally. Among other lines, very high potential has been identified in determining the sucrose content using a combination of Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing. This work presents the conclusions of an extensive data acquisition task, creation o... M. Cabrera dengra, C. Ferraz pueyo, V. Pajuelo madrigal, L. Moreno heras, G. Inunciaga leston, R. Fortes

599. Use of Precision Technologies to Conduct Successful Within-field, On-farm Trials

Performing randomized replicated trials in row crop field environments has the potential to increase crop production in environmentally sustainable ways.  Successful implementation requires an understanding of implement capabilities and sources of potential systematic error, including operator error.  Equipment capabilities can be thought of as a series of several critical “links in a chain,” each with implications that propagate downstream.   We will... M. Stelford, A. Krmenec

600. Use of Proximal Soil Sensing to Delineate Management Zones in a Commercial Potato Field in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Management zones (MZs) are delineated areas within an agricultural field with relatively homogenous soil properties. Such MZs can often be used for site-specific management of crop production inputs. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of two proximal soil sensors for delineating MZs in an 8.1-ha commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. A galvanic contact resistivity sensor (Veris-3100 [Veris]) and electromagnetic induction se... A. Cambouris, A. Lajili, K. Chokmani , I. Perron, V. Adamchuk, A. Biswas , B. Zebrath

601. Use Of Quality And Quantity Information Towards Evaluating The Importance Of Independent Variables In Yield Prediction

Yield predictions based on remotely sensed data are not always accurate.  Adding meteorological and other data can help, but may also result in over-fitting.  Working with American Crystal Sugar, we were able to demonstrate that the relevance of independent variables can be tested much more reliably when not only yield but also quality attributes are known, such as the sugar content and the s... E. Momsen, J. Xu, D.W. Franzen, J.F. Nowatzki, K. Farahmand, A.M. Denton

602. Use of Remotely Measured Potato Canopy Characteristics As Indirect Yield Estimators

Prediction of potato yield before harvest is important for making agronomic and marketing decisions. Active optical sensors (AOS) are rarely used together with other hand-held instruments for monitoring potato growth, including yield prediction. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between manually and remotely measured potato crop characteristics throughout the growing season and yield in commercial potato fields. Objective was also to identify crop characteristics that ... S.M. Samborski, J. Szatylowicz, T. Gnatowski, R. Leszczyńska, M. Thornton, O. Walsh

603. Use of UAV Acquired Imagery As a Precision Agriculture Method for Measuring Crop Residue in Southwestern Ontario, Canada

Residue management on agriculture land is a practice of great importance in southwestern Ontario, where soil management practices have an important effect on Great Lakes water quality. The ability of tillage or planting system to maintain soil residue cover is currently measured by using one or more of the common methods, line transect (e.g. knotted rope, Meter stick) and photographic (grid, script, and image analysis) methods. Each of these techniques has various advantages and disadvantages... A. Laamrani, A. Berg, M. March, A. Mclaren, R. Martin

604. Use Of Vegetation Indices In Variable Rate Application Of Potato Haulm Killing Herbicides

Variable rate application (VRA) of pesticides based on measured spatial variation in crop biomass is possible with currently available crop reflection sensors (remote and proximity), GNSS technology and modern field sprayers. VRA has the potential to contribute to a more sustainable use of pesticide. Dose rates are optimized based on local requirements at a scale of about 5-50 m2, leading to less adverse side effects, less costs and higher yields. In the longer term, ... C. Kempenaar, T. Been, F.V. Evert

605. Use of Watering Hole Data As a Decision Support Tool for the Management of a Grazing Herd of Cattle

Establish grazing practices would improve the welfare of the animals, allowing them to express more natural behaviours. However, free-range reduces the ability to monitor the animals, thus increase the time needed to intervene in the event of a health problem. To ease the adoption of grazing, farmer would benefit from autonomously collected indicators at pasture that identify abnormal behaviours possibly related to a health problem in a bovine. These indicators must be individualised and coll... J. Plum, B. Quoitin, I. Dufrasne, S. Mahmoudi, F. Lebeau

606. Using A Decision Tree To Predict The Population Density Of Redheaded Cockchafer (Adoryphorus Couloni) In Dairy Fields

A native soil dwelling insect pest, the redheaded cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) (Burmeister) (RHC) is an important pest in the higher rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia. Due to the majority of its lifecycle spent underground feeding on the roots and soil organic matter the redheaded cockchafer is difficult to detect and control. The ability to predict the level of infestation and location of redheaded cockchafers in a field may give producers the option to use an endophyte co... A. Cosby, G. Falzon, M. Trotter, J. Stanley, K. Powell, D. Schneider, D. Lamb

607. Using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network for Detecting Locations of Weeds in Images from Cereal Fields

Information about the presence of weeds in fields is important to decide on a weed control strategy. This is especially crucial in precision weed management, where the position of each plant is essential for conducting mechanical weed control or patch spraying. For detecting weeds, this study proposes a fully convolutional neural network, which detects weeds in images and classifies each one as either a monocot or dicot. The network has been trained on over 13 000 weed annota... M. Dyrmann, S. Skovsen, R.N. Jørgensen, M.S. Laursen

608. Using A Potable Spectroradiometer For In-Situ Measurement Of Soil Properties In A Slope Citrus Field

     In precision agriculture, rapid, non-destructive, cost-effective and convenient soil analysis techniques are needed for crop and soil management. However, the spatial variability of soil properties is consider to be high cost and time consuming to characterize using traditional soil analysis method. To achieve cost and time reduction, the potential benefits of in-situ measurement of soil spectra have been recognized.    ... S. Shibusawa, H. Umeda, K. Usui, M. Kodaira, Q. Li

609. Using a UAV-Based Active Canopy Sensor to Estimate Rice Nitrogen Status

Active canopy sensors have been widely used in the studies of crop nitrogen (N) estimation as its suitability for different environmental conditions. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a low-cost remote sensing platform for its great flexibility compared to traditional ways of remote sensing. UAV-based active canopy sensor is expected to take the advantages of both sides. The objective of this study is to determine whether UAV-based active canopy sensor has potential for monitoring rice N statu... S. Li, Q. Cao, X. Liu, Y. Tian, Y. Zhu

610. Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Multispectral with RGB Sensors to Analyze Canola Yield in the Canadian Prairies

In 2017 canola was planted on 9 million hectares in Canada surpassing wheat as the most widely planted crop in Canada.  Saskatchewan is the dominant producer with nearly 5 million hectares planted in 2017.  This crop, seen both as one of the highest-yielding and most profitable, is also one of most expensive and input-intensive for producers on the Canadian Prairies.   In this study, the effect of natural and planted shelterbelts on canola yield was compared with canola yi... K. Hodge, L. Bainard, A. Smith, F. Akhter

611. Using Canopy Hyperspectral Measurements to Evaluate Nitrogen Status in Different Leaf Layers of Winter Wheat

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrient matters for crop growth and has the marked influence on the ultimate formation of yield and quality in crop production. As the most mobile nutrient constituent, N always transfers from the bottom to top leaves under N stress condition. Vertical gradient changes of leaf N concentration are a general feature in canopies of crops. Hence, it is significant to effectively acquire vertical N information for optimizing N fertilization mana... X. Xu, Z. Li, G. Yang, X. Gu, X. Song, X. Yang, H. Feng

612. Using Deep Learning - Convolutional Naural Networks (CNNS) for Real-Time Fruit Detection in the Tree

Image/video processing for fruit detection in the tree using hard-coded feature extraction algorithms have shown high accuracy on fruit detection during recent years. While accurate, these approaches even with high-end hardware are still computationally intensive and too slow for real-time systems. This paper details the use of deep convolution neural networks architecture based on single-stage detectors. Using deep-learning techniques eliminates the need for hard-code specific features for s... K. Bresilla, L. Manfrini, A. Boini, G. Perulli, B. Morandi, L.C. Grappadelli

613. Using Deep Learning in Yield and Protein Prediction of Winter Wheat Based on Fertilization Prescriptions in Precision Agriculture

Precision Agriculture has been gaining interest due to the significant growth in the fields of engineering and computer science, hence leading to more sophisticated methods and tools to improve agricultural techniques. One approach to Precision Agriculture involves the application of mathematical models and machine learning to fertilization optimization and yield prediction, which is what this research focuses on. Specifically, in this work we report the results of predicting yield and protei... J. Sheppard, A. Peerlinck, B. Maxwell

614. Using Drone Based Sensors to Direct Variable-Rate, In-Season, Aerial Nitrogen Application on Corn

Improving nutrient management on farms is a critical issue nationwide. Applying a portion of N fertilizer during the growing season, alongside the growing corn crop is one way to improve nitrogen management. Sidedress N applications allow the availability of N fertilizer to more closely match the time when the crop is rapidly uptaking N. Additionally, waiting to apply a portion of the N during the growing season allows for management which is responsive to current growing season conditions.... L.J. Thompson

615. Using Geospatial Data to Assess How Climate Change May Affect Land Suitability for Agriculture Production

Finding solutions to the challenge of sustainably feeding the world’s growing population is a pressing research need that cuts across many disciplines including using geospatial data. One possible area could be developing agricultural frontiers. Frontiers are defined as land that is currently not cultivated but that may become suitable for agriculture under climate change. Climate change may drive large-scale geographic shifts in agriculture, including expansion in cultivation at the th... K. Kc, L. Hannah, P. Roehrdanz, C. Donatti, E. Fraser, A. Berg, L. Saenz, T.M. Wright, R.J. Hijmans, M. Mulligan

616. Using Imagery As A Proxy Yield Map And Scouting Tool

Combine yield maps represent a post-mortem quantification of the spatial variability in crop vigor that occurred during the growing season. The spatial resolution of yield maps is defined by the width of the combine header but the length of the cell depends on the ground-speed of the implement and how long it takes for the grain t... J.S. Schepers, A.R. Schepers

617. Using On-the-Go Soil Sensors to Assess Spatial Variability within the KS Wheat Breeding Program

In plant breeding the impacts of genotype by environment interactions and the challenges to quantify these interactions has long been recognized. Both macro and microenvironment variations in precipitation, temperature and soil nutrient availability have been shown to impact breeder selections. Traditionally, breeders mitigate these interactions by evaluating genotype performance across varying environments over multiple years. However, limitations in labor, equipment and seed availably can l... B. Evers, M. Rekhi, G. Hettiarachchi, S. Welch, A. Fritz, P.D. Alderman, J. Poland

618. Using Precision Agriculture And Remote Sensing Techniques To Improve Genotype Selection In A Breeding Program

Precision Agriculture (PA) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies are increasingly being used as tools to assess crop and soil properties by breeders and physiologists.  These technologies are showing potential to improve genotype selections over their traditional field measurements, by providing quick access to crop properties throughout the crop cycle and yield estimation. The objective of this work was to use vegetation indices (VIs) and soil apparent electrical conductivi... F.A. Rodrigues junior, I. Ortiz-monasterio, P.J. Zarco-tejada, K. Ammar, B.G. Gérard

619. Using Precision Agriculture Tools and Improved Data Analysis for Evaluating Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management Programs

Integrated nutrient management (INM) practices are becoming common under intensive agricultural systems in Chile. Practices include, the use of organic matter, in different sources, soil microbial inoculants, and the application of biostimulants, of different origin. Compared to the application of macronutrients, for example, the effects of these products on crops are rather modest and require lower experimental errors to be proven; besides, trials made at the field level, many times do not h... R. Ortega

620. Using Prescription Maps for in Field Evaluations of Parameteres Affecting Spraying Accuracy of Self-propelled Sprayer

Weed presence continues to reemerge year over year, chemical costs continue to increase, and chemical usage continuing to face increasing government oversight, are just a few of the challenges that site-specific weed management intends to address by minimizing wasted application of chemicals and reducing environmental load of active ingredients. Thus, sprayer system manufacturers have developed precision spray systems that allow the individual spray nozzles to be controlled precisely. These s... J. Mayer, P. Flores, J. Stenger

621. Using Profitability Map to Make Precision Farming Decisions: A Case Study in Mississippi

Recent development in precision agriculture technologies have generated massive amount of geospatial data of farming, such as yield mapping, seeding rates, input applications, and so on. However, producers are still struggling to convert those precision data into farm management decisions to improve productivity and profitability of farming.  Indeed, deriving accurate decisions at each site of the field requires complex and comprehensive modeling of crop yield responses to vari... X. Li, K. Coble

622. Using UAV Imagery for Crop Analytics

UAV imagery was collected in April and July of 2017 over a grape vineyard in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Using spectral signatures, a landcover classification was performed to isolate table grapes from the background vegetation and soil. A novel vegetation index was developed based off the unique spectral characteristics of the yellowing effects of chlorosis within the table grape vines. Spatial statistics were run only on the pixels containing grape plants, and a relative vegetati... C. Adams, A. Coates

623. Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Active-Optical Sensor to Monitor Growth Indices and Nitrogen Nutrition of Winter Wheat

Using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing monitoring system can rapidly and cost-effectively provide crop canopy information for growth diagnosis and precision fertilizer regulation. RapidScan CS-45 (Holland, Lincoln, NE, USA) is a portable active-optical sensor designed for timely, non-destructive obtaining plant canopy information without being affected by weather condition. UAV equipped with RapidScan, is of great significant for rapidly monitoring crop growth and nitrogen (N) sta... X. Liu, Q. Cao, Y. Tian, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhang, W. Cao

624. Utilization of Spatially Precise Measurements to Autocalibrate the EPIC Agroecosystem Model

Corn nitrogen recommendations for individual fields must improve to minimize the negative influence that agriculture has on the environment and society. Two adaptive N management approaches for making in-season N fertilizer recommendations are remote sensing and crop systems modeling. Remote sensing has the advantage of characterizing the spatial variability at a high spatial resolution, and crop models are prognostic and can assess expected additions and losses that are not yet reflected by ... T. Nigon, D. Mulla, C. Yang

625. Utilization of UASs to Predict Sugarcane Yields in Louisiana Prior to Harvest

One of the most difficult tasks that both sugarcane producers and processors face every year is estimating the yields of sugarcane fields prior to the start of harvest. This information is needed by processors to determine when the harvest season is to be initiated each year and by producers to decide when each field should be harvested. This is particularly important in Louisiana because the end of the harvest season is often affected by freeze events. These events can severely damage the cr... R.M. Johnson, B. Ramachandran

626. Utilizing GPS Technology and Science to Improve Digital Literacy Among Students in Australia and the United States of America

A key issue facing regional, rural and remote communities, in both Australia and the United States of America (USA), is the low level of digital literacy among some cohorts of students. This is particularly the case for students involved in agricultural studies where it is commonly perceived that digital literacy is not relevant to their future occupation. However, this perception is far from the truth, as the reality of farming today means students who intend on entering the agricultural wor... C.W. Knight, A. Cosby, M. Trotter

627. Utilizing Weather, Soil, and Plant Condition for Predicting Corn Yield and Nitrogen Fertilizer Response

Improving corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate recommendation tools should increase farmer’s profits and help mitigate N pollution. Weather and soil properties have repeatedly been shown to influence crop N need. The objective of this research was to improve publicly-available N recommendation tools by adjusting them with additional soil and weather information. Four N recommendation tools were evaluated across 49 N response trials conducted in eight U.S. states over three gr... N.R. Kitchen, M.A. Yost, C.J. Ransom, G. Bean, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer

628. Value Of Connectivity In Rural Areas: Case Of Precision Agriculture Data

The introduction of precision agricultural technologies in the early 1990’s was made possible through the utilization of global positioning system (GPS). However, unlike GPS which has worldwide coverage allowing field-level precision agricultural activities to occur. Collecting spatial and machinery data into a repository efficiently is not currently feasible in real-time due to lack of broadband and wireless connectivity in many rural areas even in developed counties. Lac... T. Griffin, T. Mark

629. Variability Analysis of Temperature and Humidity for Control Optimization of a Hybrid Dehumidifier with a Heating Module for Greenhouses

Protected horticulture using greenhouses and also recently plant factories is becoming more popular, especially for high-value crops such as paprika, tomato, strawberry, due to year-round production of high yield and better quality crops under controlled environment. Temperature and humidity are most important ambient environmental factors for not only optimum crop growth but also disease control. This study was conducted to analyze vertical and spatial variability of temperature and humidity... Y. Seo, W. Lee, Y. Kim, S. Chung, S. Jang, I. Bae

630. Variability in Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Quebec

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization is important to improve corn yield and to reduce N losses to the environment. The economic optimum nitrogen rate  (EONR) is variable and depends on many factors, including weather conditions and crop management.  The main objective of this study was to examine how grain corn yield response to N varies with planting date, soil texture and spring weather across sites and years in Monteregie, which is the most important with 64% of total area and 6... L. Kablan, V. Chabot, A. Mailloux, M. Bouchard, D. Fontaine, T. Bruulsema

631. Variability in Yield Response of Maize to N, P and K Fertilization Towards Site-specific Nutrient Recommendations in Two Maize Belts in Togo

Savannah and central regions are the major maize production zones in Togo, but with maize grain yields at a threshold of only 1.5 Mg ha-1. We use a participatory approach to assess the importance of the major three macro elements (N, P and K) for maize cropping in the two regions in order to further allow for site-specific and scalable fertilizer recommendations. Thirty farmers’ fields served as pilot sites, allocated within the two regions to account for spatial variability ... J.M. Sogbedji, M. Lare, A.K. Lotsi, K.A. Amouzou, T. Agneroh

632. Variable Rate Fertilization in a High-yielding Vineyard of Cv. Trebbiano Romagnolo May Reduce Nitrogen Application and Vigour Variability Without Loss of Crop Load

The site-specific management of vineyard cultural practices may reduce the spatial variability of vine vigor, contributing to achieve the desired yield and grape composition. In this framework, variable rate fertilization may effectively contribute to reduce the different availability of mineral nutrients between different areas of the vineyard, and so achieving the vine’s aforementioned performances. The present study was aimed to apply a variable rate fertilization in a high... G. Allegro, R. Martelli, G. Valentini, C. Pastore, R. Mazzoleni, F. Pezzi, I. Filippetti, A. Ali

633. Variable Rate Irrigation Management Using NDVI

Center pivot irrigation systems are commonly used for corn and cotton production in the southeast USA. Technology for variable rate water application with center pivots is available; however, it is not widely used due to increased management requirements. Methods to develop dynamic in-season prescriptions in response to changing crop conditions are needed to move this technology forward. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of using normalized difference vegetative ind... K.C. Stone, P.J. Bauer

634. Variable Rate Nitrogen Approach in a Potato-wheat-wheat Cropping System

Nitrogen application in agriculture is a vital process for optimal plant growth and yield outcomes. Different factors such as topography, soil properties, historical yield, and crop stress affect nitrogen (N) needs within a field. Applying variable N within a field could improve precision agriculture. Optimal N management is a system that involves applying a conservative variable base rate at or shortly after planting followed by in-season assessment and, if needed, variable rate application&... E.A. Flint, M. Yost, B.G. Hopkins

635. Variable Selection and Data Clustering Methods for Agricultural Management Zones Delineation

Delineation of agricultural management zones (MZs) is the delimitation, within a field, of a number of sub-areas with high internal similarity in the topographic, soil and/or crop characteristics. This approach can contribute significantly to enable precision agriculture (PA) benefits for a larger number of producers, mainly due to the possibility of reducing costs related to the field management. Two fundamental tasks for the delineation of MZs are the variable selection and the cluster anal... A. Gavioli, E.G. Souza, C.L. Bazzi, N.M. Betzek, K. Schenatto

636. Variable-Rate Application Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilizers In Louisiana Sugarcane Production Systems.

If sugar and cane yields are to be optimized and profitability improved, it is critical that a sugarcane crop receive the proper levels of plant nutrients.  Under-fertilization can result in reduced cane yields, while over-fertilization can reduce sugar recovery.  In addition, improper fertilization may increase crop susceptibility to environmental stresses and disease and insect pests. Nitrogen (N) continues to be one of the most important and co... B.J. Viator, R.M. Johnson

637. Variable-Rate-Fertilization of Phosphorus and Lime – Economic Effects and Maximum Allowed Costs for Small-Scale Soil Analysis

The pH values and macro nutrient contents are characterised by considerable variance within a field. A constant-rate-fertilization, which is practiced at most farms, does not reduce this effect, it may even boost variance. Besides the suboptimal nutrient supply, the site-specific yield potential is not exploited. Constant-rate-fertilization and liming results in an inefficient utilisation by over- and undersupply of most of the areas within a field. Fertilization with lime and phosphorus caus... S. Schulte-ostermann, P. Wagner

638. Variety Effects on Cotton Yield Monitor Calibration

While modern grain yield monitors are able to harvest variety and hybrid trials without imposing bias, cotton yield monitors are affected by varietal properties. With planters capable of site-specific planting of multiple varieties, it is essential to better understand cotton yield monitor calibration. Large-plot field experiments were conducted with two southeast Missouri cotton producers to compare yield monitor-estimated weights and observed weights in replicated variety trials. Two replic... E. Vories, A. Jones, G. Stevens, C. Meeks

639. Verify The Effectiveness Of UAS-Mounted Sensors In Field Crop And Livestock Production Management Issues

This research project is a “proof-of-concept” demonstrating specific UAS applications in production agriculture. Project personnel will use UAS-mounted sensors to collect data of ongoing crop and livestock research projects during the 2014 crop season at the North Dakota State University (NDSU) Carrington Research Extension Center (CREC). Project personnel will collaborate with NDSU research scientists conducting research at the CREC. During the first year of the pro... S. Bajwa, J. Nowatzki, W. Harnisch, B. Schatz, V. Anderson

640. Visible And Near-Infrared Spectroscopy For Monitoring Potentially Toxic Elements In Reclaimed Dumpsite Soils Of The Czech Republic

Due to rapid economic development, high levels of potentially harmful elements and heavy metals are continuously being released into the brown coal mining dumpsites of the Czech Republic. Elevated metal contents in soils not only dramatically impact the soil quality, but also due to their persistent nature and long biological half-lives, contaminant elements can accumulate in the food chain and can eventually endanger human health. Conventional methods for investigating potentia... L. Borùvka, M. Saberioon, R. Vašát, A. Gholizadeh

641. Water And Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Corn And Switchgrass On Claypan Soil Landscapes

Claypan soils cover a significant portion of Missouri and Illinois crop land, approximately 4 million ha. Claypan soils, characterized with a pronounced argilic horizon at or below the soil surface, can restrict nutrient availability and uptake, plant water storage, and water infiltration. These soil characteristics affect plant growth, with increasing depth of the topsoil above the claypan horizon having a strong positive correlation to grain crop production. In the case of low... A. Thompson, D.L. Boardman, N. Kitchen, E. Allphin

642. Water Use Efficiency of Precision Irrigation System Under Critical Water-Saving Condition

Non-transpiration water loss is often neglected when evaluating water use efficiency (WUE) of precision irrigation system, due to the difficulties in determining water loss from the root zone. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a new water saving approach by controlling soil water retention around root zone during the plant growth. We grew two tomato cultivars (Anemo, Japanese variety) in an environmental controlled growth chamber, with previously oven dried and ... Q. Li, T. Sugihara, M. Kodaira, S. Shibusawa

643. Web Application for Automatic Creation of Thematic Maps and Management Zones - AgDataBox-Fast Track

Agriculture is challenging to produce more profitably, with the world population expected to reach some 10 billion people by 2050. Such a challenge can be achieved by adopting precision agriculture and digital agriculture (Agriculture 4.0). Digital agriculture (DA) has become a reality with the availability of cheaper and more powerful sensors, actuators and microprocessors, high-bandwidth cellular communication, cloud communication, and Big Data. DA enables information to flow from used agri... J. Aikes junior, E.G. Souza, C. Bazzi, R. Sobjak, A. Hachisuca, A. Gavioli, N. Betzek, K. Schenatto, W. Moreira, E. Mercante, M. Rodrigues

644. Weed Detection Among Crops by Convolutional Neural Networks with Sliding Windows

One of the primary objectives in the field of precision agriculture is weed detection. Detecting and expunging weeds in the initial stages of crop growth with deep learning technique can minimize the usage of herbicides and maximize the crop yield for the farmers. This paper proposes a sliding window approach for the detection of weed regions using convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach involves two processes: (1) Image extraction and labelling, (2) building and training our neu... K. Kantipudi, C. Lai, C. Min, R.C. Chiang

645. Weed Identification From Seedling Cabbages Using Visible And Near-Infrared Spectrum Analysis

Target identification is one of the main research content and also a key point in precision crop protection. The main purpose of the study is to choose the characteristic wavelengths (CW for short) to classify the cabbages and the weeds at their seedling stage using different data analysis methods. Using a handheld full-spectrum FieldSpec-FR, the canopies of the seedling plants, cabbage ‘8398, cabbage ‘zhonggan’, Barnyard grass, green foxtail, goosegr... W. Deng, X. Wang, C. Zhao, Y. Huang

646. Weed Seedlings Detection In Winter Cereals For Site-Specific Control: Use Of UAV Imagery To Overcome The Challenge

Weed management is an important part of the investments in crop production. Cost of herbicides accounts for approximately 40% of the cost of all the chemicals applied to agricultural land in Europe. In order to increase the profitability of crop production and to reduce the environmental concerns related to chemicals application, it is needed to develop site-specific weed management strategies in which herbicides are only applied in the crop zones were weeds spread. Moreover, th... J. Peña, A. De castro, F. López-granados, J. Torres-sánchez

647. Wheat Biomass Estimation Using Visible Aerial Images and Artificial Neural Network

In this study, visible RGB-based vegetation indices (VIs) from UAV high spatial resolution (1.9 cm) remote sensing images were used for modeling shoot biomass of two Brazilian wheat varieties (TBIO Toruk and BRS Parrudo). The approach consists of a combination of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with several Vegetation Indices to model the measured crop biomass at different growth stages. Several vegetation indices were implemented: NGRDI (Normalized Green-Red Difference Index), CIVE (Color In... M.R. De souza, T.D. Bertani, A. Parraga, C. Bredemeier, C. Trentin, D. Doering, A. Susin, M. Negreiros

648. Where to Put Treatments for On-farm Experimentation

On-farm experimentation has become more and more popular due to advancements in technology. These experiments are not as costly as before, as current machinery can allocate different levels of treatment to specific plots. The main goal of this kind of experiment is to obtain a site-specific nutrient level. The yield behavior is different based on the researcher’s treatment. One unanswered question for on-farm experimentation is how the treatments should be allocated in the first place s... D. Poursina, W. Brorsen

649. Wireless Sensor System for Variable Rate Irrigation

Variable rate irrigation (VRI) systems use intelligent electronic devices to control individual sprinklers or groups of sprinklers to deliver the desired amount irrigation water at each specific location within a field according to VRI prescriptions. Currently VRI systems, including software tools for generate prescription maps, are commercially available for VRI practices. However, algorithms and models are required to determine the desired amount of water that needs to be applied based on t... R. Sui, J. Baggard

650. World Patent Map Analysis Of Mechanization Technologies Relatitng To Rice Production

Patents comprise a unique source for technological knowledge. They are considered to be a good proxy for invention skills, R&D activities and for the scope of technological innovation of countries, regions, sectors and firms. Rice is one of the main field crops. The research focuses on patent mechanization technologies of soil working, planting and harvesting of rice production. Based on DWPI patent database and TI patent analysis software. The temporal examination by publication yea... X. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Yi

651. X-Ray Computed Tomography For State Of The Art Plant And Root Analysis

During the last years, the formerly in medical applications established technique of X-ray computed tomography (CT) is used for non-destructive material analysis as well. Adapting this technique for the visualization and analysis of growth processes of plants above and underneath the soil enables new possibilities in the so called smart agriculture. Using State-of-the-art CT systems the computed 3D volume datasets allows the visualization and virtual analysis of hidden structures like ro... S. Reisinger, N. Uhlmann, R. Hanke, S. Gerth

652. Yield Assessment of a 270 000 Plant Perennial Ryegrass Field Trial Using a Multispectral Aerial Imaging Platform

Current assessment of non-destructive yield in forage breeding programs relies largely on the visual assessment by experts, who would categorize biomass to a discrete scale. Visual assessment of biomass yield has inherent pitfalls as it can generate bias between experimental repeats and between different experts. Visual assessment is also time-consuming and would be impractical on large-scale field trials. A method has been established to allow for a rapid, non-destructive assessment of bioma... P.E. Badenhorst, A. Phelan

653. Yield Estimation for Avocado Using Systematic Sampling Techniques

Avocado is a high value crop ranking fourth among the planted fruit species in Chile with more than 32,000 ha. Yield estimation is an important challenge in avocado due to its phenology, the size of the tree, and to the large variability usually observed within the orchards. Due to the practical difficulties to sample the trees we use the following approach: 1) establish a systematic, non-aligned grid with > 20 sampling points (trees)/field, 2) previous to harvest, and ... H.P. Poblete, R.A. Ortega

654. Yield Mapping in Fruit Farming

Due to the importance of increasing the quantity and quality of world agricultural production, the use of technologies to assist in production processes is essential. Despite this, a timid adoption by precision agriculture (PA) technologies is verified by the Brazilian fruit producers, even though it is one of the segments that had been stood out in recent years in the country's economy. In the PA context, yield maps are rich sources of information, especially by species harvested through... C.L. Bazzi, M.R. Martins, L. Gebler, E.G. Souza, K. Schenatto, R. Sobjak, A. . Hachisuca, F. Franz

655. Yield Maps, Soil Maps, and Technical Efficiency: Evidence from U.S. Corn Fields

Yield maps and GPS-based soil maps have been increasingly used in U.S. agriculture but little research has explored the economic relationship between mapping technologies and agricultural productivity. Research on this relationship is lacking, perhaps because maps are information inputs that do not directly enter the production function in a comparable way to conventional inputs. A stochastic frontier model was used to evaluate one potential avenue through which mapping technologies may influ... J. Mcfadden, A. Rosburg

656. You Can Not Manage What You Dont Measure

The problem of variability in soil nutrient analysis has been studied for years by a number of industry experts; unable to decipher and commercialize hyperspectral soil sensing. Many studies have taken years of testing to account for variability thathas a dramatic impacts on precision of recommendations. The main tradeoff we have identified is between accuracy and precision. Large quantities of raw data are requir... K. Fleming, N. Schottle, P. Nagel, G. Koch